NAME
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gm - GraphicsMagick command-line utilities to create, edit, or convert images
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Synopsis
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gm animate [ options ... ] file [ [
options ... ] file ... ]
gm composite [ options ... ] change-image base-image
[ mask-image ] output-image
gm conjure [ options ] script.msl
[ [ options ] script.msl ]
gm convert [ [ options ... ] [ input-file ...
] ... [ output-file ] ]
gm display [ options ... ] file ...
[ [options ... ]file ... ]
gm identify file [ file ... ]
gm import [ options ... ] file
gm mogrify [ options ... ] file ...
gm montage [ options ... ] file [ [
options ... ] file ... ] output-file
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Description
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GraphicsMagick's gm provides a suite of command-line
utilities for creating, converting, editing, and displaying
images:
Gm display
is a machine architecture independent
image processing and display facility. It can display an image on any workstation
display running an X server.
Gm import
reads an image from any visible window
on an X server and outputs it as an image file. You can capture
a single window, the entire screen, or any rectangular portion of the screen.
Gm montage
creates a composite by combining several
separate images. The images are tiled on the composite image with the name
of the image optionally appearing just below the individual tile.
Gm convert
converts an input file using one image
format to an output file with the same or differing image format while applying
an arbitrary number of image transformations.
Gm mogrify
transforms an image or a sequence of
images. These transforms include image scaling, image rotation,
color
reduction, and others. The transmogrified image
overwrites the
original image.
Gm identify
describes the format and characteristics
of one or more image files. It will also report if an image is incomplete
or corrupt.
Gm composite
composites images (blends or merges images together) to create new images.
Gm conjure
interprets and executes scripts in
the Magick Scripting Language (MSL).
The GraphicsMagick utilities recognize the following image formats:
Name | Mode | Description |
8BIM | *rw- | Photoshop resource format |
AFM | *r-- | TrueType font |
APP1 | *rw- | Photoshop resource format |
ART | *r-- | PF1: 1st Publisher |
AVI | *r-- | Audio/Visual Interleaved |
AVS | *rw+ | AVS X image |
BIE | *rw- | Joint Bi-level Image experts Group |
| | interchange format |
BMP | *rw+ | Microsoft Windows bitmap image |
CAPTION | *r+ | Caption (requires separate size info) |
CMYK | *rw- | Raw cyan, magenta, yellow, and black |
| | samples (8 or 16 bits, depending on |
| | the image depth) |
CMYKA | *rw- | Raw cyan, magenta, yellow, black, and |
| | matte samples (8 or 16 bits, depending |
| | on the image depth) |
CUT | *r-- | DR Halo |
DCM | *r-- | Digital Imaging and Communications in |
| | Medicine image |
DCX | *rw+ | ZSoft IBM PC multi-page Paintbrush |
DIB | *rw+ | Microsoft Windows bitmap image |
DPS | *r-- | Display PostScript |
DPX | *r-- | Digital Moving Picture Exchange |
EPDF | *rw- | Encapsulated Portable Document Format |
EPI | *rw- | Adobe Encapsulated PostScript |
| | Interchange format |
EPS | *rw- | Adobe Encapsulated PostScript |
EPS2 | *-w- | Adobe Level II Encapsulated PostScript |
EPS3 | *-w- | Adobe Level III Encapsulated PostScript |
EPSF | *rw- | Adobe Encapsulated PostScript |
EPSI | *rw- | Adobe Encapsulated PostScript |
| | Interchange format |
EPT | *rw- | Adobe Encapsulated PostScript with TIFF |
| | preview |
FAX | *rw+ | Group 3 FAX |
FILE | *r-- | Uniform Resource Locator |
FITS | *rw- | Flexible Image Transport System |
FPX | *rw- | FlashPix Format |
FTP | *r-- | Uniform Resource Locator |
G3 | *rw- | Group 3 FAX |
GIF | *rw+ | CompuServe graphics interchange format |
GIF87 | *rw- | CompuServe graphics interchange format |
| | (version 87a) |
GRADIENT | *r-- | Gradual passing from one shade to |
| | another |
GRANITE | *r-- | Granite texture |
GRAY | *rw+ | Raw gray samples (8 or 16 bits, |
| | depending on the image depth) |
H | *rw- | Internal format |
HDF | -rw+ | Hierarchical Data Format |
HISTOGRAM | *-w- | Histogram of the image |
HTM | *-w- | Hypertext Markup Language and a |
| | client-side image map |
HTML | *-w- | Hypertext Markup Language and a |
| | client-side image map |
HTTP | *r-- | Uniform Resource Locator |
ICB | *rw+ | Truevision Targa image |
ICM | *rw- | ICC Color Profile |
ICO | *r-- | Microsoft icon |
ICON | *r-- | Microsoft icon |
IPTC | *rw- | IPTC Newsphoto |
JBG | *rw+ | Joint Bi-level Image experts Group |
| | interchange format |
JBIG | *rw+ | Joint Bi-level Image experts Group |
| | interchange format |
JP2 | *rw- | JPEG-2000 JP2 File Format Syntax |
JPC | *rw- | JPEG-2000 Code Stream Syntax |
JPEG | *rw- | Joint Photographic Experts Group |
| | JFIF format |
JPG | *rw- | Joint Photographic Experts Group |
| | JFIF format |
LABEL | *r-- | Text image format |
LOGO | *rw- | GraphicsMagick Logo |
M2V | *rw+ | MPEG-2 Video Stream |
MAP | *rw- | Colormap intensities (8 or 16 bits, |
| | depending on the image depth) and |
| | indices (8 or 16 bits, depending |
| | on whether colors exceeds 256). |
MAT | *-w+ | MATLAB image format |
MATTE | *-w+ | MATTE format |
MIFF | *rw+ | Magick image format |
MNG | *rw+ | Multiple-image Network Graphics |
MONO | *rw- | Bi-level bitmap in least-significant- |
| | -byte-first order |
MPC | -rw- | Magick Persistent Cache image format |
MPEG | *rw+ | MPEG-1 Video Stream |
MPG | *rw+ | MPEG-1 Video Stream |
MPR | *r-- | Magick Persistent Registry |
MSL | *r-- | Magick Scripting Language |
MTV | *rw+ | MTV Raytracing image format |
MVG | *rw- | Magick Vector Graphics |
NETSCAPE | *r-- | Netscape 216 color cube |
NULL | *r-- | Constant image of uniform color |
OTB | *rw- | On-the-air bitmap |
P7 | *rw+ | Xv thumbnail format |
PAL | *rw- | 16bit/pixel interleaved YUV |
PALM | *rw- | Palm Pixmap format |
PBM | *rw+ | Portable bitmap format (black and white) |
PCD | *rw- | Photo CD |
PCDS | *rw- | Photo CD |
PCL | *-w- | Page Control Language |
PCT | *rw- | Apple Macintosh QuickDraw/PICT |
PCX | *rw- | ZSoft IBM PC Paintbrush |
PDB | *r-- | Pilot Image Format |
PDF | *rw+ | Portable Document Format |
PFA | *r-- | TrueType font |
PFB | *r-- | TrueType font |
PFM | *r-- | TrueType font |
PGM | *rw+ | Portable graymap format (gray scale) |
PICON | *rw- | Personal Icon |
PICT | *rw- | Apple Macintosh QuickDraw/PICT |
PIX | *r-- | Alias/Wavefront RLE image format |
PLASMA | *r-- | Plasma fractal image |
PM | *rw- | X Windows system pixmap (color) |
PNG | *rw- | Portable Network Graphics |
PNM | *rw+ | Portable anymap |
PPM | *rw+ | Portable pixmap format (color) |
PREVIEW | *-w- | Show a preview an image enhancement, |
| | effect, or f/x |
PS | *rw+ | Adobe PostScript |
PS2 | *-w+ | Adobe Level II PostScript |
PS3 | *-w+ | Adobe Level III PostScript |
PSD | *rw- | Adobe Photoshop bitmap |
PTIF | *rw- | Pyramid encoded TIFF |
PWP | *r-- | Seattle Film Works |
RAS | *rw+ | SUN Rasterfile |
RGB | *rw+ | Raw red, green, and blue samples (8 or |
| | 16 bits, depending on the image depth) |
RGBA | *rw+ | Raw red, green, blue, and matte samples |
| | (8 or 16 bits, depending on the image |
| | depth) |
RLA | *r-- | Alias/Wavefront image |
RLE | *r-- | Utah Run length encoded image |
ROSE | *rw- | 70x46 Truecolor test image |
SCT | *r-- | Scitex HandShake |
SFW | *r-- | Seattle Film Works |
SGI | *rw+ | Irix RGB image |
SHTML | *-w- | Hypertext Markup Language and a |
| | client-side image map |
STEGANO | *r-- | Steganographic image |
SUN | *rw+ | SUN Rasterfile |
SVG | *rw+ | Scalable Vector Gaphics |
TEXT | *rw+ | Raw text |
TGA | *rw+ | Truevision Targa image |
TIF | *rw+ | Tagged Image File Format |
TIFF | *rw+ | Tagged Image File Format |
TILE | *r-- | Tile image with a texture |
TIM | *r-- | PSX TIM |
TTF | *r-- | TrueType font |
TXT | *rw+ | Raw text |
UIL | *-w- | X-Motif UIL table |
UYVY | *rw- | 16bit/pixel interleaved YUV |
VDA | *rw+ | Truevision Targa image |
VICAR | *rw- | VICAR rasterfile format |
VID | *rw+ | Visual Image Directory |
VIFF | *rw+ | Khoros Visualization image |
VST | *rw+ | Truevision Targa image |
WBMP | *rw- | Wireless Bitmap (level 0) image |
WMF | *r-- | Windows Metafile |
WPG | *r-- | Word Perfect Graphics |
X | *rw- | X Image |
XBM | *rw- | X Windows system bitmap (black |
| | and white) |
XC | *r-- | Constant image uniform color |
XCF | *r-- | GIMP image |
XML | *r-- | Scalable Vector Gaphics |
XPM | *rw- | X Windows system pixmap (color) |
XV | *rw+ | Khoros Visualization image |
XWD | *rw- | X Windows system window dump (color) |
YUV | *rw- | CCIR 601 4:1:1 |
| | |
Modes: | | |
| * | Native blob support |
| r | Read |
| w | Write |
| + | Multi-image |
Support for some of these formats require additional programs or libraries.
README
tells where to find this software.
Note, a format delineated with + means that if more than one
image is specified, it is composited into a single multi-image file. Use
+adjoin
if you want a single image produced for each frame.
Your installation might not support all of the formats in the list. To get
an up-to-date listing of the formats supported by your particular
configuration, run "convert -list format".
Raw images are expected to have one byte per pixel unless gm
is compiled in 16-bit mode or in 32-bit mode. Here, the raw data
is expected to be stored two or four
bytes per pixel, respectively, in most-significant-byte-first order.
You can tell if gm was compiled in 16-bit mode by typing
"gm version" without any options, and looking for "Q:16" in the first line of
output.
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Back to Contents
Files and Formats
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By default, the image format is determined by its magic number, i.e., the
first few bytes of the file. To specify
a particular image format, precede the filename with an image format name
and a colon (i.e.ps:image) or specify the image type as the
filename suffix.
The magic number takes precedence over the filename suffix
and the prefix takes precedence over the magic number and the suffix
in input files.
The prefix takes precedence over the filename
suffix in output files. To read the "built-in" formats (GRANITE, H, LOGO,
NETSCAPE, PLASMA, and ROSE) use a prefix (including the colon) without a
filename or suffix. To read the XC format, follow the colon with a color
specification. To read the CAPTION format, follow the colon with a text
string or with a filename prefixed with the at symbol (@).
When you specify X as your image type, the filename has special
meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, or
root. If
no filename is specified, the window is selected by clicking the mouse
in the desired window.
Specify input_file as - for standard input,
output_file as - for standard output.
If input_file has the extension .Z or .gz, the
file is uncompressed with uncompress or gunzip
respectively.
If output_file has the extension .Z or .gz,
the file is compressed using with compress or gzip respectively.
Finally, when running on platforms that allow it, precede the image file name
with | to pipe to or from a system command (this feature is not
available on VMS, Win32 and Macintosh platforms). Use a backslash or
quotation marks to prevent your shell from interpreting the |.
Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after an input file name to specify
a desired subimage of a multi-resolution image format like Photo CD
(e.g. "img0001.pcd[4]") or a range for MPEG images
(e.g. "video.mpg[50-75]"). A subimage
specification can be disjoint (e.g. "image.tiff[2,7,4]"). For
raw images, specify a subimage with a geometry
(e.g. -size 640x512 "image.rgb[320x256+50+50]").
Surround the image name with quotation marks to prevent your shell
from interpreting the square brackets.
Single images are written with the filename you specify. However, multi-part
images (e.g., a multi-page PostScript document with +adjoin
specified) are written with the filename followed by a period (.)
and the scene number. You can change this behavior by embedding a %d
format specification in the file name. For example,
image%02d.miff
writes files image00.miff, image01.miff, etc. Only a single
specification is allowed within an output filename. If more than one
specification is present, it will be ignored.
When running a commandline utility, you can
prepend an at sign @ to a filename to read a list of image
filenames from that file. This is convenient in the event you have too
many image filenames to fit on the command line.
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Back to Contents
Options
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Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
the command line remains in effect for the set of images that follows,
until the set is terminated by the appearance of any option or -noop.
Some options only affect the decoding of images and others only the encoding.
The latter can appear after the final group of input images.
This is a combined list of the commandline options used by the GraphicsMagick
utilities (animate, composite, convert, display, identify,
import, mogrify and montage).
In this document, angle brackets ("<>") enclose variables and curly
brackets ("{}") enclose optional parameters. For example,
"-fuzz <distance>{%}" means you can use the
option "-fuzz 10"
or "-fuzz 2%".
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-adjoin
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| join images into a single multi-image file |
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By default, all images of an image sequence are stored in the same
file. However, some formats (e.g. JPEG) do not support more than one image
and are saved to separate files. Use +adjoin to force this
behavior. |
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-affine <matrix>
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This option provides a transform matrix {sx,rx,ry,sy,tx,ty} for
use by subsequent -draw or -transform options. |
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-antialias
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By default antialiasing algorithms are used when drawing objects (e.g. lines)
or rendering vector formats (e.g. WMF and Postscript). Use +antialias to
disable use of antialiasing algorithms. Reasons to disable antialiasing
include avoiding increasing colors in the image, or improving rendering speed. |
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-append
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This option creates a single image where the images in the original set
are stacked top-to-bottom. If they are not of the same width,
any narrow images will be expanded to fit using the background color.
Use +append to stack images left-to-right. The set of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the -append
option appears after all of the input images, all images are appended. |
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-authenticate <string>
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| decrypt image with this password |
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Use this option to supply a password for decrypting an image or an
image sequence, if it is being read from a format such as PDF that supports
encryption. Encrypting images being written is not supported. |
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-average
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The set of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the -average
option appears after all of the input images, all images are averaged. |
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-backdrop
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| display the image centered on a backdrop. |
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This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful for hiding
other X window activity while viewing the image. The color of the backdrop
is specified as the foreground color (X11 default is black). |
| Refer to
"X Resources", below,
for details. |
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-background <color>
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The color is specified using the format described under the -fill
option. |
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-blue-primary <x>,<y>
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| blue chromaticity primary point |
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-blur <radius>{x<sigma>}
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| blur the image with a Gaussian operator |
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Blur with the given radius and
standard deviation (sigma). |
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-border <width>x<height>
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| surround the image with a border of color |
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See -geometry for details
about the geometry specification. |
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-bordercolor <color>
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The color is specified using the format described under the -fill
option. |
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-borderwidth <geometry>
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-box <color>
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| set the color of the annotation bounding box |
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The color is specified using the format described under the -fill
option. |
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See -draw for further
details. |
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-cache <threshold>
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| (This option has been replaced by the -limit option) |
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-channel <type>
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Choose from: Red, Green, Blue, Opacity,
Matte, Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, or Black. |
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Use this option to extract a particular channel from the image.
Matte,
for example, is useful for extracting the opacity values from an image. |
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-charcoal <factor>
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| simulate a charcoal drawing |
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-chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
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| remove pixels from the interior of an image |
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Width and height give the number of columns and rows to remove,
and x and y are offsets that give the location of the
leftmost column and topmost row to remove. |
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The x offset normally specifies the leftmost column to remove.
If the -gravity option is present with NorthEast, East,
or SouthEast
gravity, it gives the distance leftward from the right edge
of the image to the rightmost column to remove. Similarly, the y offset
normally specifies the topmost row to remove, but if
the -gravity option is present with SouthWest, South,
or SouthEast
gravity, it specifies the distance upward from the bottom edge of the
image to the bottom row to remove. |
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The -chop option removes entire rows and columns,
and moves the remaining corner blocks leftward and upward to close the gaps. |
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-clip
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| apply the clipping path, if one is present |
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If a clipping path is present, it will be applied to subsequent operations. |
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For example, if you type the following command: |
gm convert -clip -negate cockatoo.tif negated.tif
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only the pixels within the clipping path are negated. |
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The -clip feature requires the XML library. If the XML library
is not present, the option is ignored. |
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-coalesce
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| merge a sequence of images |
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Each image N in the sequence after Image 0 is replaced with the image
created by flattening images 0 through N. |
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The set of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the -coalesce
option appears after all of the input images, all images are coalesced. |
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-colorize <value>
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| colorize the image with the pen color |
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Specify the amount of colorization as a percentage. You can apply separate
colorization values to the red, green, and blue channels of the image with
a colorization value list delimited with slashes (e.g. 0/0/50). |
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-colormap <type>
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Choose between shared or private. |
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This option only applies when the default X server visual is PseudoColor
or GRAYScale. Refer to -visual for more details. By default,
a shared colormap is allocated. The image shares colors with other X clients.
Some image colors could be approximated, therefore your image may look
very different than intended. Choose Private and the image colors
appear exactly as they are defined. However, other clients may
go technicolor when the image colormap is installed. |
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-colors <value>
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| preferred number of colors in the image |
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The actual number of colors in the image may be less than your request,
but never more. Note, this is a color reduction option. Images with less
unique colors than specified with this option will have any duplicate or
unused colors removed. The ordering of an existing color palette may be
altered. When converting an image from color to grayscale, convert the
image to the gray colorspace before reducing the number of colors since
doing so is most efficient. Refer to <a
href="quantize.html">quantize for more details. |
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Note, options -dither, -colorspace, and -treedepth
affect the color reduction algorithm. |
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-colorspace <value>
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Choices are:
CMYK, GRAY, HSL, HWB, OHTA, RGB,
Transparent, XYZ, YCbCr, YIQ, YPbPr,
or
YUV. |
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Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB color space. Empirical
evidence suggests that distances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ correspond
to perceptual color differences more closely than do distances in RGB space.
These color spaces may give better results when color reducing an image.
Refer to quantize for more details. |
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The Transparent color space behaves uniquely in that it preserves
the matte channel of the image if it exists. |
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The -colors or -monochrome option, or saving to a file
format which requires color reduction, is required for this option to
take effect. |
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-comment <string>
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| annotate an image with a comment |
|
Use this option to assign a specific comment to the image, when writing
to an image format that supports comments. You can include the
image filename, type, width, height, or other image attribute by embedding
special format characters listed under the -format option.
The comment is not drawn on the image, but is embedded in the image
datastream via a "Comment" tag or similar mechanism. If you want the
comment to be visible on the image itself, use the -draw option. |
-comment "%m:%f %wx%h"
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produces an image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480. |
|
If the first character of string is @, the image comment
is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string. |
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-compose <operator>
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| the type of image composition |
|
The description of composition uses abstract terminology in order to
allow the the description to be more clear, while avoiding constant
values which are specific to a particular build configuration. Each image
pixel is represented by red, green, and blue levels (which are equal for
a gray pixel). MaxRGB is the maximum integral value which may be stored
in the red, green, or blue channels of the image. Each image pixel may
also optionally (if the image matte channel is enabled) have an
associated level of opacity (ranging from opaque to transparent), which
may be used to determine the influence of the pixel color when
compositing the pixel with another image pixel. If the image matte
channel is disabled, then all pixels in the image are treated as opaque.
The color of an opaque pixel is fully visible while the color of a
transparent pixel color is entirely absent (pixel color is ignored). |
|
By definition, raster images have a rectangular shape. All image rows are
of equal length, and all image columns have the same number of rows. By
treating the opacity channel as a visual "mask" the rectangular image may
be given a "shape" by treating the opacity channel as a cookie-cutter for
the image. Pixels within the shape are opaque, while pixels outside the
shape are transparent. Pixels on the boundary of the shape may be between
opaque and transparent in order to provide antialiasing (visually smooth
edges). The description of the composition operators use this concept of
image "shape" in order to make the description of the operators easier to
understand. While it is convenient to describe the operators in terms of
"shapes" they are by no means limited to mask-style operations since they
are based on continuous floating-point mathematics rather than simple
boolean operations. |
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By default, the Over composite operator is used. The following
composite operators are available: |
Over
In
Out
Atop
Xor
Plus
Minus
Add
Subtract
Difference
Multiply
Bumpmap
Copy
CopyRed
CopyGreen
CopyBlue
CopyOpacity
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The behavior of each operator is described below. |
- Over
- The result will be the union of the two image shapes, with opaque areas
of change-image obscuring base-image in the region of
overlap.
- In
- The result is simply change-image cut by the shape of
base-image. None of the image data of base-image will be in
the result.
- Out
- The resulting image is change-image with the shape of
base-image cut out.
- Atop
- The result is the same shape as base-image, with
change-image obscuring base-image where the image shapes
overlap. Note this differs from over because the portion of
change-image outside base-image's shape does not appear in
the result.
- Xor
- The result is the image data from both change-image and
base-image that is outside the overlap region. The overlap region
will be blank.
- Plus
- The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are cropped
to MaxRGB (no overflow). This operation is independent of the matte
channels.
- Minus
- The result of change-image - base-image, with underflow
cropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to opaque, full
coverage).
- Add
- The result of change-image + base-image, with overflow
wrapping around (mod MaxRGB+1).
- Subtract
- The result of change-image - base-image, with underflow
wrapping around (mod MaxRGB+1). The add and subtract
operators can be used to perform reversible transformations.
- Difference
- The result of abs(change-image - base-image). This is
useful for comparing two very similar images.
- Multiply
- The result of change-image * base-image. This is useful for
the creation of drop-shadows.
- Bumpmap
- The result base-image shaded by change-image.
- Copy
- The resulting image is base-image replaced with
change-image. Here the matte information is ignored.
- CopyRed
- The resulting image is the red channel in base-image replaced with
the red channel in change-image. The other channels are copied
untouched.
- CopyGreen
- The resulting image is the green channel in base-image replaced
with the green channel in change-image. The other channels are
copied untouched.
- CopyBlue
- The resulting image is the blue channel in base-image replaced
with the blue channel in change-image. The other channels are
copied untouched.
- CopyOpacity
- The resulting image is the opacity channel in base-image replaced
with the opacity channel in change-image. The other channels are
copied untouched.
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-compress <type>
|
| the type of image compression |
|
Choices are: None, BZip, Fax,
Group4,
JPEG, Lossless,
LZW, RLE or Zip.
|
|
Specify +compress to store the binary image in an uncompressed format.
The default is the compression type of the specified image file. |
|
If LZW compression is specified but LZW compression has not been enabled,
the image data will be written
in an uncompressed LZW format that can be read by LZW decoders. This
may result in larger-than-expected GIF files. |
|
"Lossless" refers to lossless JPEG, which is only available if
the JPEG library has been patched to support it. Use of lossless JPEG is
generally not recommended. |
|
Use the -quality option to set the compression level to be used by
JPEG, PNG, MIFF, and MPEG encoders. Use the -sampling-factor
option to set the sampling factor to be used by JPEG, MPEG, and YUV encoders
for downsampling the chroma channels. |
|
-contrast
|
| enhance or reduce the image contrast |
|
This option enhances the intensity differences between the lighter and
darker elements of the image. Use -contrast to enhance
the image
or +contrast to reduce the image contrast.
|
|
For a more pronounced effect you can repeat the option: |
gm convert rose: -contrast -contrast rose_c2.png
|
-convolve <kernel>
|
| convolve image with the specified convolution kernel |
|
The kernel is specified as a comma-separated list of integers, ordered
left-to right, starting with the top row.
The order of the kernel is determined by the square root of the
number of entries. Presently only square kernels are supported. |
|
-crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
|
| preferred size and location of the cropped image |
|
See -geometry for details
about the geometry specification. |
|
The width and height give the size of the image that remains after cropping,
and x and y are offsets that give the location of the top left
corner of the cropped
image with respect to the original image. To specify the amount to be
removed, use -shave instead. |
|
If the x and y offsets are present, a single image is
generated, consisting of the pixels from the cropping region.
The offsets specify the location of the upper left corner of
the cropping region measured downward and rightward with respect to the
upper left corner of the image.
If the -gravity option is present with NorthEast, East,
or SouthEast
gravity, it gives the distance leftward from the right edge
of the image to the right edge of the cropping region. Similarly, if
the -gravity option is present with SouthWest, South,
or SouthEast
gravity, the distance is measured upward between the bottom
edges. |
|
If the x and y offsets are omitted, a set of tiles of the
specified geometry, covering the entire input image, is generated. The
rightmost tiles and the bottom tiles are smaller if the
specified geometry extends beyond the dimensions of the input image. |
|
-cycle <amount>
|
| displace image colormap by amount |
|
Amount defines the number of positions each colormap entry isshifted.
|
|
-debug <events>
|
|
The events parameter specifies which events are to be logged. It
can be either None, All, or a comma-separated list
consisting of one or more of the following domains: Annotate,
Blob, Cache, Coder, Configure,
Deprecate, Error, Exception, Locale,
Render,Resource, TemporaryFile,
Transform, Warning, X11, or User.
For example, to log cache and blob events, use |
gm convert -debug "Cache,Blob" rose: rose.png
|
The "User" domain is normally empty, but developers can log "User" events
in their private copy of GraphicsMagick. |
|
Use the -log option to specify the format for debugging output. |
|
Use +debug to turn off all logging. |
|
An alternative to using -debug is to use the MAGICK_DEBUG
environment variable. The allowed values for the MAGICK_DEBUG
environment variable are the same as for the -debug option. |
|
-deconstruct
|
| break down an image sequence into constituent parts |
|
This option compares each image with the next in a sequence and
returns the maximum bounding region of any pixel differences it discovers.
This method can undo a coalesced sequence returned by the
-coalesce option, and is useful for removing redundant information
from a GIF or MNG animation. |
|
The sequence of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the -deconstruct
option appears after all of the input images, all images are deconstructed. |
|
-define <key>{=<value>},...
|
| add coder/decoder specific options |
| This option creates one or more definitions for coders and
decoders to use while reading and writing image data. Definitions
may be passed to coders and decoders to control options that are
specific to certain image formats. If value is missing for a
definition, an empty-valued definition of a flag will be created with
that name. This is used to control on/off options. Use +define
<key>,... to remove definitions previously created. Use
+define "*" to remove all existing definitions. |
|
The following definitions may be created: |
- jp2:rate=<value>
-
Specify the compression factor to use while writing JPEG-2000
files. The compression factor is the reciprocal of the compression
ratio. The valid range is 0.0 to 1.0, with 1.0 indicating lossless
compression. If defined, this value overrides the -quality
setting. The default quality setting of 75 results in a rate value of
0.06641.
- jpeg:preserve-settings
-
If the jpeg:preserve-settings flag is defined, the JPEG encoder will
use the same "quality" and "sampling-factor" settings that were found
in the input file, if the input was in JPEG format. These settings are
also preserved if the input is a JPEG file and the output is a JNG
file. If the colorspace of the output file differs from that of the
input file, the quality setting is preserved but the sampling-factors
are not.
- ps:imagemask
-
If the ps:imagemask flag is defined, the PS3 and EPS3 coders will
create Postscript files that render bilevel images with the Postscript
imagemask operator instead of the image operator.
- tiff:bits-per-sample=<value>
-
If the tiff:bits-per-sample key is defined to a value less than the
GraphicsMagick Quantum depth, the TIFF coder will write TIFF images
with the defined bits per sample, overriding any value stored in the
image.
- tiff:fill-order={msb2lsb|lsb2msb}
- If the tiff:fill-order key is defined, GraphicsMagick will use it to
determine the bit fill order used while writing TIFF files. The normal default
is "msb2lsb", which matches the native bit order of all modern CPUs. The
only exception to this is when Group3 or Group4 FAX compression is
requested since FAX machines send data in bit-reversed order and
therefore RFC 2301 recommends using reverse order.
- tiff:samples-per-pixel=<value>
-
If the tiff:samples-per-pixel key is defined to a value, the TIFF
coder will write TIFF images with the defined samples per pixel,
overriding any value stored in the image.
|
For example, to create a postscript file that will render only the black
pixels of a bilevel image, use: |
gm convert bilevel.tif -define ps:imagemask eps3:stencil.ps
|
-delay <1/100ths of a second>
|
| display the next image after pausing |
|
This option is useful for regulating the animation of image sequences
Delay/100 seconds must expire before the display
of the next image. The default is no delay between each showing of the
image sequence. The maximum delay is 65535. |
|
You can specify a delay range (e.g. -delay 10-500) which sets the
minimum and maximum delay. |
|
-density <width>x<height>
|
| horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image |
| This option specifies the image resolution to store while encoding a
raster image or the canvas resolution while rendering (reading) vector
formats such as Postscript, PDF, WMF, and SVG into a raster image. Image
resolution provides the unit of measure to apply when rendering to an
output device or raster image. The default unit of measure is in dots
per inch (DPI). The -units option may be used to select dots per
centimeter instead. |
| The default resolution is 72 dots per inch, which is equivalent to
one point per pixel (Macintosh and Postscript standard). Computer
screens are normally 72 or 96 dots per inch while printers typically
support 150, 300, 600, or 1200 dots per inch. To determine the
resolution of your display, use a ruler to measure the width of your
screen in inches, and divide by the number of horizontal pixels (1024 on
a 1024x768 display). |
| If the file format supports it, this option may be used to update
the stored image resolution. Note that Photoshop stores and obtains
image resolution from a proprietary embedded profile. If this profile is
not stripped from the image, then Photoshop will continue to treat the
image using its former resolution, ignoring the image resolution
specified in the standard file header. |
| The density option is an attribute and does not alter the underlying
raster image. It may be used to adjust the rendered size for desktop
publishing purposes by adjusting the scale applied to the pixels. To
resize the image so that it is the same size at a different resolution,
use the -resample option. |
|
-depth <value>
|
|
This is the number of bits in a color sample within a pixel. The only
acceptable values are 8 or 16. Use this option to specify the depth of
raw images whose depth is unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or CMYK, or to change
the depth of any image after it has been read. |
|
-descend
|
| obtain image by descending window hierarchy |
|
-despeckle
|
| reduce the speckles within an image |
|
-displace <horizontal scale>x<vertical scale>
|
| shift image pixels as defined by a displacement map |
|
With this option, composite image is used as a displacement map. Black,
within the displacement map, is a maximum positive displacement. White is a
maximum negative displacement and middle gray is neutral. The displacement
is scaled to determine the pixel shift. By default, the displacement applies
in both the horizontal and vertical directions. However, if you specify
mask, composite image is the horizontal X displacement and
mask the vertical Y displacement. |
|
-display <host:display[.screen]>
|
| specifies the X server to contact |
|
This option is used with convert for
obtaining image or font from this X server. See X(1). |
|
-dispose <method>
|
|
The Disposal Method indicates the way in which the graphic is to
be treated after being displayed. |
|
Here are the valid methods: |
Undefined No disposal specified.
None Do not dispose between frames.
Background Overwrite the image area with
the background color.
Previous Overwrite the image area with
what was there prior to rendering
the image.
|
-dissolve <percent>
|
| dissolve an image into another by the given percent |
|
The opacity of the composite image is multiplied by the given percent,
then it is composited over the main image. |
|
-dither
|
| apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image |
|
The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatial
resolution by averaging the intensities of several neighboring pixels.
Images which suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can be
improved with this option. |
|
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option
to take effect. |
|
Use +dither to turn off dithering and to render PostScript
without text or graphic aliasing. Disabling dithering often (but not
always) leads to decreased processing time. |
|
-draw <string>
|
| annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives |
|
Use this option to annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives.
The primitives include shapes, text, transformations,
and pixel operations. The shape primitives are |
point x,y
line x0,y0 x1,y1
rectangle x0,y0 x1,y1
roundRectangle x0,y0 x1,y1 wc,hc
arc x0,y0 x1,y1 a0,a1
ellipse x0,y0 rx,ry a0,a1
circle x0,y0 x1,y1
polyline x0,y0 ... xn,yn
polygon x0,y0 ... xn,yn
Bezier x0,y0 ... xn,yn
path path specification
image operator x0,y0 w,h filename
text x0,y0 string
|
The text gravity primitive is |
gravity NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center,
East, SouthWest, South, or SouthEast
|
The text gravity primitive only affects the placement of text and
does not interact with the other primitives. It is equivalent to
using the -gravity commandline option, except that it is
limited in scope to the -draw option in which it appears. |
|
The transformation primitives are |
rotate degrees
translate dx,dy
scale sx,sy
skewX degrees
skewY degrees
|
The pixel operation primitives are |
color x0,y0 method
matte x0,y0 method
|
The shape primitives are drawn in the color specified in the preceding
-stroke option. Except for the line and point
primitives, they are filled with the color specified in the preceding
-fill option. For unfilled shapes, use -fill none | .
|
Point requires a single coordinate. |
|
Line requires a start and end coordinate. |
|
Rectangle
expects an upper left and lower right coordinate. |
|
RoundRectangle has the upper left and lower right coordinates
and the width and height of the corners. |
|
Circle has a center coordinate and a coordinate for
the outer edge. |
|
Use Arc to inscribe an elliptical arc within
a rectangle. Arcs require a start and end point as well as the degree
of rotation (e.g. 130,30 200,100 45,90). |
|
Use Ellipse to draw a partial ellipse
centered at the given point with the x-axis and y-axis radius
and start and end of arc in degrees (e.g. 100,100 100,150 0,360). |
|
Finally, polyline and polygon require
three or more coordinates to define its boundaries.
Coordinates are integers separated by an optional comma. For example,
to define a circle centered at 100,100
that extends to 150,150 use: |
-draw 'circle 100,100 150,150'
|
Paths
(See Paths)
represent an outline of an object which is defined in terms of
moveto (set a new current point), lineto (draw a straight line),
curveto (draw a curve using a cubic Bezier), arc (elliptical or
circular arc) and closepath (close the current shape by drawing a line
to the last moveto) elements. Compound paths (i.e., a path with
subpaths, each consisting of a single moveto followed by one or more
line or curve operations) are possible to allow effects such as
"donut holes" in objects. |
|
Use image to composite an image with another image. Follow the
image keyword with the composite operator, image location, image size,
and filename: |
-draw 'image Over 100,100 225,225 image.jpg'
|
You can use 0,0 for the image size, which means to use the actual
dimensions found in the image header. Otherwise, it will
be scaled to the given dimensions.
See -compose for a description of the composite operators. |
|
Use text to annotate an image with text. Follow the text
coordinates with a string. If the string has embedded spaces, enclose it
in single or double quotes. Optionally you can include the image
filename, type, width, height, or other image attribute by embedding
special format character. See -comment for details. |
-draw 'text 100,100 "%m:%f %wx%h"'
|
annotates the image with MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled
bird.miff
and whose width is 512 and height is 480. |
|
If the first character of string is @, the text is read from
a file titled by the remaining characters in the string. |
|
Rotate rotates subsequent shape primitives and text primitives about
the origin of the main image. If the -region option precedes the
-draw option, the origin for transformations is the upper left
corner of the region. |
|
Translate translates them. |
|
SkewX and SkewY skew them with respect to the origin of
the main image or the region. |
|
The transformations modify the current affine matrix, which is initialized
from the initial affine matrix defined by the -affine option.
Transformations are cumulative within the -draw option.
The initial affine matrix is not affected; that matrix is only changed by the
appearance of another -affine option. If another -draw
option appears, the current affine matrix is reinitialized from
the initial affine matrix. |
|
Use color to change the color of a pixel to the fill color (see
-fill). Follow the pixel coordinate
with a method: |
point
replace
floodfill
filltoborder
reset
|
Consider the target pixel as that specified by your coordinate. The
point
method recolors the target pixel. The replace method recolors any
pixel that matches the color of the target pixel.
Floodfill recolors
any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor,
whereas filltoborder recolors any neighbor pixel that is not the
border color. Finally, reset recolors all pixels. |
|
Use matte to the change the pixel matte value to transparent. Follow
the pixel coordinate with a method (see the color primitive for
a description of methods). The point method changes the matte value
of the target pixel. The replace method changes the matte value
of any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. Floodfill
changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target
pixel and is a neighbor, whereas
filltoborder changes the matte
value of any neighbor pixel that is not the border color (-bordercolor).
Finally reset changes the matte value of all pixels. |
|
You can set the primitive color, font, and font bounding box
color with
-fill, -font, and -box respectively. Options
are processed in command line order so be sure to use these
options before the -draw option. |
|
-edge <radius>
|
| detect edges within an image |
|
-emboss <radius>
|
|
-encoding <type>
|
| specify the text encoding |
|
Choose from AdobeCustom, AdobeExpert, AdobeStandard, AppleRoman,
BIG5, GB2312, Latin 2, None, SJIScode, Symbol, Unicode, Wansung. |
|
-endian <type>
|
| specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image |
|
Use +endian to revert to unspecified endianness. |
|
-enhance
|
| apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image |
|
-equalize
|
| perform histogram equalization to the image |
|
-fill <color>
|
| color to use when filling a graphic primitive |
|
Colors are represented in GraphicsMagick in the same form used by SVG. Use "gm convert -list color" to list named colors: |
name (named color)
#RGB (hex numbers, 4 bits each)
#RRGGBB (8 bits each)
#RRRGGGBBB (12 bits each)
#RRRRGGGGBBBB (16 bits each)
#RGBA (4 bits each)
#RRGGBBAA (8 bits each)
#RRRGGGBBBAAA (12 bits each)
#RRRRGGGGBBBBAAAA (16 bits each)
rgb(r,g,b) (r,g,b are decimal numbers)
rgba(r,g,b,a) (r,g,b,a are decimal numbers)
|
Enclose the color specification in quotation marks to prevent the "#"
or the parentheses from being interpreted by your shell. |
gm convert -fill blue ...
gm convert -fill "#ddddff" ...
gm convert -fill "rgb(65000,65000,65535)" ...
|
The shorter forms are scaled up, if necessary by replication. For example,
#3af, #33aaff, and #3333aaaaffff are all equivalent. |
|
See -draw for further details. |
|
-filter <type>
|
| use this type of filter when resizing an image |
|
Use this option to affect the resizing operation of an image (see
-geometry).
Choose from these filters: |
Point
Box
Triangle
Hermite
Hanning
Hamming
Blackman
Gaussian
Quadratic
Cubic
Catrom
Mitchell
Lanczos
Bessel
Sinc
|
The default filter is automatically selected to provide the best quality
while consuming a reasonable amount of time. The Mitchell filter
is used if the image supports a palette, supports a matte channel, or is
being enlarged, otherwise the Lanczos filter is used. |
|
-flatten
|
| flatten a sequence of images |
|
The sequence of images is replaced by a single image created by composing each
image after the first over the first image. |
|
The sequence of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the -flatten
option appears after all of the input images, all images are flattened. |
|
-flip
|
|
reflect the scanlines in the vertical direction. |
|
-flop
|
|
reflect the scanlines in the horizontal direction. |
|
-font <name>
|
| use this font when annotating the image with text |
|
You can tag a font to specify whether it is a PostScript, TrueType, or OPTION1
font. For example, Arial.ttf is a TrueType font, ps:helvetica
is PostScript, and x:fixed is OPTION1. |
|
-foreground <color>
|
| define the foreground color |
|
The color is specified using the format described under the -fill
option. |
|
-format <type>
|
|
When used with the mogrify utility,
this option will convert any image to the image format you specify.
See GraphicsMagick(1) for a list of image format types supported by
GraphicsMagick, or see the output of 'gm -list format'. |
|
By default the file is written to its original name. However, if the
filename extension matches a supported format, the extension is replaced
with the image format type specified with -format. For example,
if you specify tiff as the format type and the input image
filename is image.gif, the output image filename becomes
image.tiff. |
|
-format <string>
|
| output formatted image characteristics |
|
When used with the identify utility,
use this option to print information about the image in a format of your
choosing. You can include the image filename, type, width, height,
Exif data, or other image attributes by embedding special format
characters: |
%b file size
%c comment
%d directory
%e filename extension
%f filename
%h height
%i input filename
%k number of unique colors
%l label
%m magick
%n number of scenes
%o output filename
%p page number
%q quantum depth
%s scene number
%t top of filename
%u unique temporary filename
%w width
%x x resolution
%y y resolution
%# signature
\n newline
\r carriage return
-format "%m:%f %wx%h"
|
displays MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480. |
|
If the first character of string is @, the format
is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string. |
|
You can also use the following special formatting syntax to print Exif
information contained in the file: |
%[EXIF:<tag>]
|
Where "<tag>" can be one of the following: |
* (print all Exif tags, in keyword=data format)
! (print all Exif tags, in tag_number data format)
#hhhh (print data for Exif tag #hhhh)
ImageWidth
ImageLength
BitsPerSample
Compression
PhotometricInterpretation
FillOrder
DocumentName
ImageDescription
Make
Model
StripOffsets
Orientation
SamplesPerPixel
RowsPerStrip
StripByteCounts
XResolution
YResolution
PlanarConfiguration
ResolutionUnit
TransferFunction
Software
DateTime
Artist
WhitePoint
PrimaryChromaticities
TransferRange
JPEGProc
JPEGInterchangeFormat
JPEGInterchangeFormatLength
YCbCrCoefficients
YCbCrSubSampling
YCbCrPositioning
ReferenceBlackWhite
CFARepeatPatternDim
CFAPattern
BatteryLevel
Copyright
ExposureTime
FNumber
IPTC/NAA
ExifOffset
InterColorProfile
ExposureProgram
SpectralSensitivity
GPSInfo
ISOSpeedRatings
OECF
ExifVersion
DateTimeOriginal
DateTimeDigitized
ComponentsConfiguration
CompressedBitsPerPixel
ShutterSpeedValue
ApertureValue
BrightnessValue
ExposureBiasValue
MaxApertureValue
SubjectDistance
MeteringMode
LightSource
Flash
FocalLength
MakerNote
UserComment
SubSecTime
SubSecTimeOriginal
SubSecTimeDigitized
FlashPixVersion
ColorSpace
ExifImageWidth
ExifImageLength
InteroperabilityOffset
FlashEnergy
SpatialFrequencyResponse
FocalPlaneXResolution
FocalPlaneYResolution
FocalPlaneResolutionUnit
SubjectLocation
ExposureIndex
SensingMethod
FileSource
SceneType
|
Surround the format specification with quotation marks to prevent your shell
from misinterpreting any spaces and square brackets. |
|
-frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
|
| surround the image with an ornamental border |
|
See -geometry for details about the geometry
specification. The -frame option is not affected by the
-gravity option. |
|
The color of the border is specified with the -mattecolor
command line option. |
|
-frame
|
| include the X window frame in the imported image |
|
-fuzz <distance>{%}
|
| colors within this distance are considered equal |
|
A number of algorithms search for a target color. By default the color
must be exact. Use this option to match colors that are close to the target
color in RGB space. For example, if you want to automatically trim the
edges of an image with -trim but the image was scanned and the
target background color may differ by a small amount. This option can account
for these differences. |
|
The distance can be in absolute intensity units or, by appending
"%", as a percentage of the maximum possible intensity (255,
65535, or 4294967295). |
|
-gamma <value>
|
| level of gamma correction |
|
The same color image displayed on two different workstations may look
different due to differences in the display monitor. Use gamma
correction to adjust for this color difference. Reasonable values extend
from 0.8 to 2.3. Gamma less than 1.0 darkens the image and
gamma greater than 1.0 lightens it. Large adjustments to image gamma may
result in the loss of some image information if the pixel quantum size
is only eight bits (quantum range 0 to 255). |
|
You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channels
of the image with a gamma value list delimited with slashes
(e.g., 1.7/2.3/1.2). |
|
Use +gamma value
to set the image gamma level without actually adjusting
the image pixels. This option is useful if the image is of a known gamma
but not set as an image attribute (e.g. PNG images). |
|
-Gaussian <radius>{x<sigma>}
|
| blur the image with a Gaussian operator |
|
Use the given radius and standard deviation (sigma). |
|
-geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
|
| preferred size and location of the Image window. |
|
By default, the window size is the image
size and the location is chosen by you when it is mapped. |
|
By default, the width and height are maximum values. That is, the image
is expanded or contracted to fit the width and height value while maintaining
the aspect ratio of the image. Append an exclamation point to the geometry
to force the image size to exactly the size you specify. For example,
if you specify 640x480! the image width is set to 640 pixels and
height to 480. |
|
If only the width is specified, the width assumes the
value and the height is chosen to maintain the aspect ratio of the image.
Similarly, if only the height is specified (e.g., -geometry x256),
the width is chosen to maintain the aspect ratio. |
|
To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %. The image size
is multiplied by the width and height percentages to obtain the final image
dimensions. To increase the size of an image, use a value greater than
100 (e.g. 125%). To decrease an image's size, use a percentage less than
100. |
|
Use @ to specify the maximum area in pixels of an image. |
|
Use > to change the dimensions of the image only if
its width or height exceeds the geometry specification. < resizes
the image only if both of its dimensions are less than the geometry
specification. For example,
if you specify '640x480>' and the image size is 256x256, the image
size does not change. However, if the image is 512x512 or 1024x1024, it is
resized to 480x480. Enclose the geometry specification in quotation marks to
prevent the < or > from being interpreted by your shell
as a file redirection. |
|
When used with animate and display, offsets are handled in
the same manner as in X(1) and the -gravity option is not used.
If the x is negative, the offset is measured leftward
from the right edge of the
screen to the right edge of the image being displayed.
Similarly, negative y is measured between the bottom edges. The
offsets are not affected by "%"; they are always measured in pixels. |
|
When used as a composite option, -geometry
gives the dimensions of the image and its location with respect
to the composite image. If the -gravity option is present
with NorthEast, East, or SouthEast gravity, the x
represents the distance from the right edge of the image to the right edge of
the composite image. Similarly, if the -gravity option is present
with SouthWest, South, or SouthEast gravity, y
is measured between the bottom edges. Accordingly, a positive offset will
never point in the direction outside of the image. The
offsets are not affected by "%"; they are always measured in pixels.
To specify the dimensions of the composite image, use the -resize
option. |
|
When used as a convert, import or mogrify option,
-geometry is synonymous with -resize and
specifies the size of the output image. The offsets, if present, are ignored. |
|
When used as a montage option, -geometry specifies the image
size and border size for each tile; default is 256x256+0+0. Negative
offsets (border dimensions) are meaningless. The -gravity
option affects the placement of the image within the tile; the default
gravity for this purpose is Center. If the "%" sign appears in
the geometry specification, the tile size is the specified percentage of
the original dimensions of the first tile.
To specify the dimensions of the montage, use the -resize
option. |
|
-gravity <type>
|
| direction primitive gravitates to when annotating the image. |
|
Choices are: NorthWest, North,
NorthEast, West, Center, East, SouthWest, South, SouthEast. |
|
The direction you choose specifies where to position the text
when annotating
the image. For example Center gravity forces the text to be centered
within the image. By default, the image gravity is NorthWest.
See -draw for more details about graphic primitives. Only the
text primitive is affected by the -gravity option. |
|
The -gravity option is also used in concert with the -geometry
option and other options that take <geometry> as a parameter, such
as the -crop option. See -geometry for details of how the
-gravity option interacts with the
<x> and <y> parameters of a geometry
specification. |
|
When used as an option to composite, -gravity
gives the direction that the image gravitates within the composite. |
|
When used as an option to montage, -gravity gives the direction
that an image gravitates within a tile. The default gravity is Center
for this purpose. |
|
-green-primary <x>,<y>
|
| green chromaticity primary point |
|
-help
|
|
-iconGeometry <geometry>
|
| specify the icon geometry |
|
Offsets, if present in the geometry specification, are handled in
the same manner as the -geometry option, using X11 style to handle
negative offsets. |
|
-iconic
|
|
-immutable
|
|
-implode <factor>
|
| implode image pixels about the center |
|
-intent <type>
|
| use this type of rendering intent when managing the image color |
|
Use this option to affect the the color management operation of an image (see
-profile).
Choose from these intents:
Absolute, Perceptual, Relative, Saturation. |
|
The default intent is undefined. |
|
-interlace <type>
|
| the type of interlacing scheme |
|
Choices are: None, Line, Plane,
or Partition. The default is None. |
|
This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme for raw image
formats such as RGB or YUV. |
|
None means do not interlace
(RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), |
|
Line uses scanline interlacing
(RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...),
and |
|
Plane uses plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...). |
|
Partition
is like plane except the different planes are saved to individual files
(e.g. image.R, image.G, and image.B). |
|
Use Line or Plane to create an
interlaced PNG or GIF or
progressive JPEG image. |
|
-label <name>
|
| assign a label to an image |
|
Use this option to assign a specific label to the image, when writing
to an image format that supports labels, such as TIFF, PNG, MIFF, or
PostScript. You can include the the image filename, type, width, height,
or other image attribute by embedding special format character. A label
is not drawn on the image, but is embedded in the image datastream via
a "Label" tag or similar mechanism. If you want the
label to be visible on the image itself, use the -draw option.
See -comment for details. |
-label "%m:%f %wx%h"
|
produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled
bird.miff
and whose width is 512 and height is 480. |
|
If the first character of string is @, the image label is
read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string. |
|
When converting to PostScript, use this option to specify a header
string to print above the image. Specify the label font with
-font. |
|
When creating a montage, by default the label associated with an image
is displayed with the corresponding tile in the montage. Use the
+label option to suppress this behavior. |
|
-lat <width>x<height>{+-}<offset>{%}
|
| perform local adaptive thresholding |
|
Perform local adaptive thresholding using the specified width, height,
and offset. The offset is a distance in sample space from the mean,
as an absolute integer ranging from 0 to the maximum sample value or
as a percentage. |
|
-level <black_point>{,<gamma>}{,<white_point>}{%}
|
| adjust the level of image contrast |
|
Give one, two or three values delimited with commas: black-point, gamma,
white-point (e.g. 10,1.0,250 or 2%,0.5,98%). The black and white
points range from 0 to MaxRGB or from 0 to 100%; if the white point is
omitted it is set to MaxRGB-black_point. If a "%" sign is present
anywhere in the string, the black and white points are percentages of
MaxRGB. Gamma is an exponent that ranges from 0.1 to 10.; if it is
omitted, the default of 1.0 (no gamma correction) is assumed. This
interface works similar to Photoshop's "Image->Adjustments->Levels..."
"Input Levels" interface. |
|
-limit <type> <value>
|
| Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit |
|
The value for File is in number of files and the values for the other
resources are in Megabytes. By default the limits are 256 files, 1024MB memory,
4096MB map, and unlimited disk, but these are adjusted at startup
time on platforms that can provide information about available resources.
When the limit is reached, GraphicsMagick will fail in some fashion, or
take compensating actions if possible.
For example, -limit memory 32 -limit map 64 limits memory
When the pixel cache reaches the memory limit it uses
memory mapping. When that limit is reached it goes to disk. If disk has
a hard limit, the program will fail. |
|
Resource limits may also be set using environment variables. The
environment variables MAGICK_LIMIT_DISK,
MAGICK_LIMIT_FILES, MAGICK_LIMIT_MEMORY, and
MAGICK_LIMIT_MAP, may be used to set the limits for disk space,
open files, heap memory, and memory map size, respectively. |
|
You can use the option -list resource to find out the limits. |
|
-linewidth
|
| the line width for subsequent draw operations |
|
-list <type>
|
|
Choices are: Color, Delegate, Format, Magic,
Module, Resource, or Type. The Module option
is only available if GraphicsMagick was built to support loadable modules. |
|
This option lists information about the GraphicsMagick configuration. |
|
-log <string>
|
| Specify format for debug log |
|
This option specifies the format for the log printed when the -debug
option is active. |
|
You can display the following components by embedding
special format characters: |
%d domain
%e event
%f function
%l line
%m module
%p process ID
%r real CPU time
%t wall clock time
%u user CPU time
%% percent sign
\n newline
\r carriage return
gm convert -debug coders -log "%u %m:%l %e" in.gif out.png
|
The default behavior is to print all of the components. |
|
-loop <iterations>
|
| add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation |
|
A value other than zero forces the animation to repeat itself up to
iterations
times. |
|
-magnify <factor>
|
|
-map <filename>
|
| choose a particular set of colors from this image |
|
By default, color reduction chooses an optimal set of colors that best
represent the original image. Alternatively, you can choose a particular
set of colors from an image file with this option. |
|
Use
+map to reduce
all images in the image sequence that follows to a single optimal set of colors
that best represent all the images. The sequence of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the +map
option appears after all of the input images, all images are mapped. |
|
-map <type>
|
| display image using this type. |
|
Choose from these Standard Colormap types: |
best
default
gray
red
green
blue
|
The X server must support the Standard Colormap you choose,
otherwise an error occurs. Use list as the type and display
searches the list of colormap types in top-to-bottom order until
one is located. See xstdcmap(1) for one way of creating Standard
Colormaps. |
|
-mask <filename>
|
|
The image read from the file is used as a clipping mask. It must have
the same dimensions as the image being masked. |
|
If the mask image contains an opacity channel, the opacity of each pixel is
used to define the mask. Otherwise, the intensity (gray level) of each
pixel is used. |
|
Use +mask to remove the clipping mask. |
|
It is not necessary to use -clip to activate the mask; -clip
is implied by -mask. |
|
-matte
|
| store matte channel if the image has one |
|
If the image does not have a matte channel, create an opaque one. |
|
Use +matte to ignore the matte channel and to avoid writing a
matte channel in the output file. |
|
-mattecolor <color>
|
| specify the color to be used with the -frame option |
|
The color is specified using the format described under the -fill
option. |
|
-median <radius>
|
| apply a median filter to the image |
|
-mode <value>
|
|
-modulate brightness[,saturation[,hue]]
|
| vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image |
|
Specify the percent change in brightness, color saturation, and
hue separated by commas. Default argument values are 100 percent,
resulting in no change. For example, to increase the color brightness
by 20% and decrease the color saturation by 10% and leave the hue
unchanged, use: -modulate 120,90. |
|
Hue is the percentage of absolute rotation from the current
position. For example 50 results in a counter-clockwise rotation of 90
degrees, 150 results in a clockwise rotation of 90 degrees, with 0 and
200 both resulting in a rotation of 180 degrees. |
|
-monochrome
|
| transform the image to black and white |
|
-morph <frames>
|
|
Both the image pixels and size are linearly interpolated to give the appearance
of a meta-morphosis from one image to the next. |
|
The sequence of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the -morph
option appears after all of the input images, all images are morphed. |
|
-mosaic
|
| create a mosaic from an image or an image sequence |
|
The -page option can be used to establish the dimensions of the mosaic
and to locate the images within the mosaic. |
|
The sequence of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the -mosaic
option appears after all of the input images, all images are included
in the mosaic. |
|
-name
|
|
-negate
|
| replace every pixel with its complementary color |
|
The red, green, and blue intensities of an image are negated.
White becomes black,
yellow becomes blue, etc.
Use +negate
to only negate the grayscale pixels of the image. |
|
-noise <radius|type>
|
| add or reduce noise in an image |
|
The principal function of noise peak elimination filter is to smooth the
objects within an image without losing edge information and without creating
undesired structures. The central idea of the algorithm is to replace a
pixel with its next neighbor in value within a pixel window, if this pixel
has been found to be noise. A pixel is defined as noise if and only if
this pixel is a maximum or minimum within the pixel window. |
|
Use radius to specify the width of the neighborhood. |
|
Use +noise followed by a noise type to add noise to an image. Choose
from these noise types: |
Uniform
Gaussian
Multiplicative
Impulse
Laplacian
Poisson
|
-noop
|
|
The -noop option can be used to terminate a group of images
and reset all options to their default values, when no other option is
desired. |
|
-normalize
|
| transform image to span the full range of color values |
|
This is a contrast enhancement technique. |
|
-opaque <color>
|
| change this color to the pen color within the image |
|
The color is specified using the format described under the -fill
option. |
|
See -fill for more details. |
|
-operator channel operator rvalue[%]
|
| apply a mathematical or bitwise operator to an image channel |
|
Apply a low-level mathematical or bitwise operator to a selected image
channel or all image channels. Operations which result in negative
results are reset to zero, and operations which overflow the
available range are reset to the maximum possible value.
|
|
Select a channel from: Red, Green, Blue, Opacity,
Matte, Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black,
or All. |
|
Select an operator from Add, And, Divide, LShift,
Multiply, Or, RShift, Subtract, Xor. |
|
Rvalue may be any floating point value in the range of 0 to MaxRGB, where
MaxRGB is the largest quantum value supported by the GraphicsMagick build
(255, 65535, or 4294967295). If a percent (%) symbol is appended
to the argument, then the argument has a range of 0 to 100 percent. |
|
-ordered-dither <channeltype> <NxN>
|
|
The channel or channels specified in the channeltype argument are
reduced to binary, using an ordered dither method.
The choices for channeltype are: |
all
intensity
opacity
matte
|
When channeltype is "all", the color samples are dithered into
a graylevel and then that graylevel is stored in the three color
channels. Separately, the opacity channel is dithered into a bilevel
opacity value which is stored in the opacity channel. |
|
When channeltype is "intensity", only the color samples are
dithered. When channeltype is "opacity" or "matte", only the
opacity channel is dithered. |
|
The choices for N are 2, 3, or 4. When N is 2, the image is divided into
2x2 pixel tiles. In each tile, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 pixels are turned to
white depending on their intensity. When N is 3, there are 3x3 tiles
and 10 levels of gray can be represented. When N is 4, there are 4x4
tiles and 17 levels of gray. |
|
-page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
|
| size and location of an image canvas |
|
Use this option to specify the dimensions of the
PostScript page
in dots per inch or a TEXT page in pixels. The choices for a PostScript
page are: |
11x17 792 1224
Ledger 1224 792
Legal 612 1008
Letter 612 792
LetterSmall 612 792
ArchE 2592 3456
ArchD 1728 2592
ArchC 1296 1728
ArchB 864 1296
ArchA 648 864
A0 2380 3368
A1 1684 2380
A2 1190 1684
A3 842 1190
A4 595 842
A4Small 595 842
A5 421 595
A6 297 421
A7 210 297
A8 148 210
A9 105 148
A10 74 105
B0 2836 4008
B1 2004 2836
B2 1418 2004
B3 1002 1418
B4 709 1002
B5 501 709
C0 2600 3677
C1 1837 2600
C2 1298 1837
C3 918 1298
C4 649 918
C5 459 649
C6 323 459
Flsa 612 936
Flse 612 936
HalfLetter 396 612
|
For convenience you can specify the page size by media (e.g. A4, Ledger,
etc.). Otherwise, -page behaves much like
-geometry (e.g. -page letter+43+43>). |
|
This option is also used to place subimages when writing to a multi-image
format that supports offsets, such as GIF89 and MNG. When used for this
purpose the offsets are always measured from the
top left corner of the canvas and are not affected by the -gravity
option.
To position a GIF or MNG image, use -page{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
(e.g. -page +100+200). When writing to a MNG file, a -page
option appearing ahead of the first image in the sequence with nonzero
width and height defines the width and height values that are written in
the MHDR chunk. Otherwise, the MNG width and height are computed
from the bounding box that contains all images in the sequence. When
writing a GIF89 file, only the bounding box method is used to determine its
dimensions. |
|
For a PostScript page, the image is sized as in -geometry and positioned
relative to the lower left hand corner of the page by
{+-}<xoffset>{+-}<y
offset>. Use
-page 612x792>, for example, to center the
image within the page. If the image size exceeds the PostScript page, it
is reduced to fit the page.
The default gravity for the -page
option is NorthWest, i.e., positive x and
y offset are measured rightward and downward from the top
left corner of the page, unless the -gravity option is present with
a value other than NorthWest. |
|
The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792. |
|
This option is used in concert with -density. |
|
Use +page to remove the page settings for an image. |
|
-paint <radius>
|
|
Each pixel is replaced by the most frequent color in a circular neighborhood
whose width is specified with radius. |
|
-pause <seconds>
|
| pause between animation loops [animate] |
|
Pause for the specified number of seconds before repeating the
animation. |
|
-pause <seconds>
|
| pause between snapshots [import] |
|
Pause for the specified number of seconds before taking the next
snapshot. |
|
-pen <color>
|
| (This option has been replaced by the -fill option) |
|
-ping
|
| efficiently determine image characteristics |
|
-pointsize <value>
|
| pointsize of the PostScript, OPTION1, or TrueType font |
|
-preview <type>
|
|
Use this option to affect the preview operation of an image (e.g.
convert file.png -preview Gamma Preview:gamma.png). Choose
from these previews: |
Rotate
Shear
Roll
Hue
Saturation
Brightness
Gamma
Spiff
Dull
Grayscale
Quantize
Despeckle
ReduceNoise
Add Noise
Sharpen
Blur
Threshold
EdgeDetect
Spread
Shade
Raise
Segment
Solarize
Swirl
Implode
Wave
OilPaint
CharcoalDrawing
JPEG
|
The default preview is JPEG. |
|
-process <command>
|
| process a sequence of images using a process module |
|
The command argument has the form module=arg1,arg2,arg3,...,argN
where module is the name of the module to invoke (e.g. "analyze")
and arg1,arg2,arg3,...,argN are an arbitrary number of arguments to
pass to the process module. |
|
The sequence of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option. |
|
If the -process
option appears after all of the input images, all images are processed. |
|
-profile <filename>
|
| add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile to image |
|
-profile filename adds an ICM (ICC color management), IPTC
(newswire information), or a generic profile to the image | .
|
Use +profile icm, +profile iptc,
or +profile profile_name to remove the respective
profile. Use identify -verbose to find out what profiles are in the
image file. Use +profile "*" to remove all profiles. |
|
To extract a profile, the -profile option is not used. Instead,
simply write the file to an image
format such as APP1, 8BIM, ICM, or IPTC. |
|
For example, to extract the Exif data (which is stored in JPEG files
in the APP1 profile), use
|
gm convert cockatoo.jpg exifdata.app1
|
+progress
|
| disable progress monitor and busy cursor |
|
By default, when an image is displayed, a progress monitor bar is shown
in the top left corner of an existing image display window, and the
current cursor is replaced with an hourglass cursor. Use +progress
to disable the progress monitor and busy cursor during display operations.
While the progress monitor is disabled for all operations, the busy
cursor continues to be enabled for non-display operations such as image
processing. This option is useful for non-interactive display operations,
or when a "clean" look is desired. |
|
-quality <value>
|
| JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level |
| For the JPEG and MPEG image formats, quality is 0 (lowest image
quality and highest compression) to 100 (best quality but least
effective compression). The default quality is 75. Use the
-sampling-factor option to specify the factors for chroma
downsampling. To use the same quality value as that found by the JPEG
decoder, use the -define jpeg:preserve-settings flag. |
|
For the MIFF image format, quality/10 is the zlib compression level, which
is 0 (worst but fastest compression) to 9 (best but slowest). It has no
effect on the image appearance, since the compression is always lossless. |
|
For the JPEG-2000 image format, quality is mapped using a non-linear
equation to the compression ratio required by the Jasper library. This
non-linear equation is intended to loosely approximate the quality
provided by the JPEG v1 format. The default quality value 75 results in
a request for 16:1 compression. The quality value 100 results in
a request for non-lossy compression. |
|
For the MNG and PNG image formats, the quality value sets the zlib compression
level (quality / 10) and filter-type (quality % 10). Compression levels
range from 0 (fastest compression) to 100 (best but slowest). For compression
level 0, the Huffman-only strategy is used, which is fastest but not
necessarily the worst compression. |
|
If
filter-type is 4 or less, the specified filter-type is used for all scanlines: |
0: none
1: sub
2: up
3: average
4: Paeth
|
If filter-type is 5, adaptive filtering is used when quality is greater
than 50 and the image does not have a color map, otherwise no filtering
is used. |
|
If filter-type is 6, adaptive filtering
with minimum-sum-of-absolute-values
is used. |
|
Only if the output is MNG, if filter-type is 7, the LOCO color transformation
and adaptive filtering with minimum-sum-of-absolute-values
are used. |
|
The default is quality is 75, which means nearly the best compression with
adaptive filtering. The quality setting has no effect on the appearance
of PNG and MNG images, since the compression is always lossless. |
|
For further information, see the PNG
specification. |
|
When writing a JNG image with transparency, two quality values are required,
one for the main image and one for the grayscale image that conveys the
opacity channel. These are written as a single integer equal to the main
image quality plus 1000 times the opacity quality. For example, if you
want to use quality 75 for the main image and quality 90 to compress
the opacity data, use -quality 90075. |
|
-raise <width>x<height>
|
| lighten or darken image edges |
|
This will create a 3-D effect. See -geometry for details
details about the geometry specification. Offsets are not used. |
|
Use -raise to create a raised effect, otherwise use +raise. |
|
-random-threshold <channeltype> <LOWxHIGH>
|
| random threshold the image |
|
The channel or channels specified in the <channeltype> argument are
reduced to binary, using an random-threshold method. The choices for
channeltype are: |
all
intensity
opacity
matte
|
When channeltype is "all", the color samples are thresholded into
a graylevel and then that graylevel is stored in the three color
channels. Separately, the opacity channel is thresholded into a bilevel
opacity value which is stored in the opacity channel. For each pixel,
a new random number is used to establish the threshold to be used. The
threshold never exceeds the specified maximum (HIGH) and is never less
than the specified minimum (LOW). |
|
When channeltype is "intensity", only the color samples are
thresholded. When channeltype is "opacity" or "matte", only the
opacity channel is thresholded. |
|
-red-primary <x>,<y>
|
| red chromaticity primary point |
|
-region <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
|
| apply options to a portion of the image |
|
The x and y offsets are treated in the same manner as in -crop | .
|
-remote
|
| perform a X11 remote operation |
|
The -remote command sends a command to a "gm display" or "gm
animate" which is already running. The only command recognized at this
time is the name of an image file to load. This capability is very
useful to load new images without needing to restart GraphicsMagick
(e.g. for a slide-show or to use GraphicsMagick as the display engine
for a different GUI). Also see the +progress option for a way
to disable progress indication for a clean look while loading new images. |
|
-render
|
|
Use +render to turn off rendering vector operations. This is
useful when saving the result to vector formats such as MVG or SVG. |
|
-resample <horizontal>x<vertical>
|
| Resample image to specified horizontal and vertical resolution |
|
Resize the image so that its rendered size remains the same as the
original at the specified target resolution. Either the current image
resolution units or the previously set with -units are used to
interpret the argument. For example, if a 300 DPI image renders at 3
inches by 2 inches on a 300 DPI device, when the image has been
resampled to 72 DPI, it will render at 3 inches by 2 inches on a 72
DPI device. Note that only a small number of image formats
(e.g. JPEG, PNG, and TIFF) are capable of storing the image
resolution. For formats which do not support an image resolution, the
original resolution of the image must be specified via -density
on the command line prior to specifying the resample resolution. |
|
Note that Photoshop stores and obtains image resolution from a
proprietary embedded profile. If this profile exists in the image,
then Photoshop will continue to treat the image using its former
resolution, ignoring the image resolution specified in the standard
file header. |
|
Some image formats (e.g. PNG) require use of metric or english units
so even if the original image used a particular unit system, if it is
saved to a different format prior to resampling, then it may be
necessary to specify the desired resolution units using -units
since the original units may have been lost. In other words, do not
assume that the resolution units are restored if the image has been
saved to a file. |
|
-resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
|
|
This is an alias for the -geometry option and it behaves in the
same manner. If the -filter option precedes the -resize
option, the specified filter is used. |
|
There are some exceptions: |
|
When used as a composite option, -resize conveys the
preferred size of the output image, while -geometry conveys the
size and placement of the composite image within the main
image. |
|
When used as a montage option, -resize conveys the preferred
size of the montage, while -geometry conveys
information about the tiles. |
|
-roll {+-}<x>{+-}<y>
|
| roll an image vertically or horizontally |
|
See -geometry for details the geometry specification. The
x and y offsets are not affected by the -gravity
option. |
|
A negative x offset rolls the image left-to-right. A negative
y offset rolls the image top-to-bottom. |
|
-rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
|
| apply Paeth image rotation to the image |
|
Use > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds the height.
< rotates the image only if its width is less than the
height. For example, if you specify -rotate "-90>" and the image
size is 480x640, the image is not rotated. However, if the
image is 640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees. If you use > or
<, enclose it in quotation marks to prevent it from being
misinterpreted as a file redirection. |
|
Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are filled with the color
defined as background (class backgroundColor).
The color is specified using the format described under the -fill
option. |
|
-sample <geometry>
|
| scale image using pixel sampling |
|
See -geometry for details about
the geometry specification.
-sample ignores the -filter selection if the -filter option
is present. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are ignored, and
the -gravity option has no effect. |
|
-sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
|
| sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder. |
|
This option specifies the sampling factors to be used by the JPEG encoder for
chroma downsampling. If this option is omitted, the JPEG library
will use its own default values. When reading or writing the YUV format
and when writing the M2V (MPEG-2) format, use
-sampling-factor 2x1 to specify the 4:2:2 downsampling method. |
|
To use the same sampling factors as those found by the JPEG decoder, use
the -define jpeg:preserve-settings flag. |
|
-scale <geometry>
|
|
See -geometry for details about
the geometry specification. -scale uses a simpler, faster algorithm,
and it ignores the -filter selection if the -filter option
is present. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are ignored, and
the -gravity option has no effect. |
|
-scene <value>
|
|
This option sets the scene number of an image or the first image in
an image sequence. |
|
-scenes <value-value>
|
| range of image scene numbers to read |
|
Each image in the range is read
with the filename followed by a period (.) and the decimal scene
number. You
can change this behavior by embedding a %d, %0Nd, %o, %0No, %x, or %0Nx
printf format specification in the file name. For example, |
gm montage -scenes 5-7 image.miff
|
makes a montage of files image.miff.5, image.miff.6, and image.miff.7, and |
gm animate -scenes 0-12 image%02d.miff
|
animates files image00.miff, image01.miff, through image12.miff. |
|
-screen
|
| specify the screen to capture |
|
This option indicates that the GetImage request used to obtain the image
should be done on the root window, rather than directly on the specified
window. In this way, you can obtain pieces of other windows that overlap
the specified window, and more importantly, you can capture menus or other
popups that are independent windows but appear over the specified window. |
|
-segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
|
|
Segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color components and
identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique. |
|
Specify cluster threshold as the number of pixels in each cluster
must exceed the the cluster threshold to be considered valid. Smoothing
threshold eliminates noise in the second derivative of the histogram.
As the value is increased, you can expect a smoother second derivative.
The default is 1.5. See
"Image Segmentation", below,
for details. |
|
-shade <azimuth>x<elevation>
|
| shade the image using a distant light source |
|
Specify azimuth and elevation as the position of the light
source. Use +shade to return the shading results as a grayscale
image. |
|
-shadow <radius>{x<sigma>}
|
|
-shared-memory
|
|
This option specifies whether the utility should attempt to use shared
memory for pixmaps. GraphicsMagick must be compiled with shared
memory support, and the display must support the MIT-SHM
extension. Otherwise, this option is ignored. The default is
True. |
|
-sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
|
|
Use a Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation
(sigma). |
|
-shave <width>x<height>{%}
|
| shave pixels from the image edges |
|
Specify the width of the region to be removed from both
sides of the image and the height of the regions to be removed from
top and bottom. |
|
-shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
|
| shear the image along the X or Y axis |
|
Use the specified positive or negative shear angle. |
|
Shearing slides one edge of an image along the X or Y axis, creating a
parallelogram. An X direction shear slides an edge along the X axis,
while a Y direction shear slides an edge along the Y axis. The amount
of the shear is controlled by a shear angle. For X direction shears,
x degrees is measured relative to the Y axis, and similarly,
for Y direction shears y degrees is measured relative to the X
axis. |
|
Empty triangles left over from shearing the image are filled with the
color defined as background (class backgroundColor).
The color is specified using the format described under the
-fill option. |
|
-silent
|
|
-size <width>x<height>{+offset}
|
| width and height of the image |
|
Use this option to specify the width and height of raw images whose
dimensions are unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or
CMYK. In addition to width and height, use -size with an
offset to skip any header information in the image or tell the number
of colors in a MAP image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256). |
|
For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes: |
192x128
384x256
768x512
1536x1024
3072x2048
|
Finally, use this option to choose a particular resolution layer of a JBIG
or JPEG image (e.g. -size 1024x768). |
|
-snaps <value>
|
| number of screen snapshots |
|
Use this option
to grab more than one image from the X server screen, to create
an animation sequence. |
|
-solarize <factor>
|
| negate all pixels above the threshold level |
|
Specify factor as the
percent threshold of the intensity (0 - 99.9%). |
|
This option produces a solarization effect seen when exposing a
photographic film to light during the development process. |
|
-spread <amount>
|
| displace image pixels by a random amount |
|
Amount defines the size of the neighborhood around each pixel to
choose a candidate pixel to swap. |
|
-stegano <offset>
|
| hide watermark within an image |
|
Use an offset to start the image hiding some number of pixels from the
beginning of the image. Note this offset and the image size. You will
need this information to recover the steganographic image
(e.g. display -size 320x256+35 stegano:image.png). |
|
-stereo
|
| composite two images to create a stereo anaglyph |
|
The left side of the stereo pair is saved as the red channel of the output
image. The right side is saved as the green channel. Red-green stereo
glasses are required to properly view the stereo image. |
|
-stroke <color>
|
| color to use when stroking a graphic primitive |
|
The color is specified using the format described under the -fill
option. |
|
See -draw for further details. |
|
-strokewidth <value>
|
|
See -draw for further details. |
|
-swirl <degrees>
|
| swirl image pixels about the center |
|
Degrees defines the tightness of the swirl. |
|
-text-font <name>
|
| font for writing fixed-width text |
|
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed (typewriter style)
formatted text. The default is 14 point Courier. |
|
You can tag a font to specify whether it is a PostScript, TrueType, or
OPTION1 font. For example, Courier.ttf is a TrueType font
and x:fixed is OPTION1. |
|
-texture <filename>
|
| name of texture to tile onto the image background |
|
-threshold <value>{<green>,<blue>,<opacity>}{%}
|
|
Create an image such that any pixel sample that is equal to, or exceeds
the threshold, is reassigned the maximum intensity otherwise the minimum
intensity. |
|
If the green or blue value is omitted, these channels use the same value
as the first one provided. If all three color values are the same,
the result is a bi-level image. If the opacity threshold is omitted,
OpaqueOpacity will be used and any partially transparent pixel will
become fully transparent. If only a single 0 is provided,
auto-thresholding will be performed. |
|
To generate an all-black or all-white image with the same dimensions as
the input image, you can use |
gm convert -threshold 65535 in.png black.png
gm convert -threshold 0,0 in.png white.png
|
-tile <filename>
|
| tile image when filling a graphic primitive |
|
-tile <geometry>
|
| layout of images [montage] |
|
-title <string>
|
| assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage] |
|
Use this option to assign a specific title to the image. This is
assigned to the image window and is typically displayed in the window
title bar. Optionally you can include the image filename, type,
width, height, Exif data, or other image attribute by embedding
special format characters described under the -format
option. |
-title "%m:%f %wx%h"
|
produces an image title of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480. |
|
-transform
|
|
This option applies the transformation matrix from a previous
-affine option. |
gm convert -affine 2,2,-2,2,0,0 -transform bird.ppm bird.jpg
|
-transparent <color>
|
| make this color transparent within the image |
|
The color is specified using the format described under the -fill
option. |
|
-treedepth <value>
|
| tree depth for the color reduction algorithm |
|
Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A value of zero or one
causes the use of an optimal tree depth for the color reduction
algorithm |
|
An optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the source
image with the fastest computational speed and the least amount of memory.
However, the default depth is inappropriate for some images. To assure
the best representation, try values between 2 and 8 for this parameter.
Refer to
quantize for more details. |
|
The -colors or -monochrome option, or writing to an image
format which requires color reduction, is required for this option to
take effect. |
|
-trim
|
|
This option removes any edges that are exactly the same color as the
corner pixels. Use -fuzz to make -trim remove edges that
are nearly the same color as the corner pixels. |
|
-type <type>
|
|
Choose from:
Bilevel, Grayscale, Palette,
PaletteMatte, TrueColor, TrueColorMatte,
ColorSeparation, ColorSeparationMatte, or Optimize. |
|
Normally, when a format supports different subformats such as grayscale
and truecolor, the encoder will try to choose an efficient subformat.
The -type option can be used to overrride this behavior. For
example, to prevent a JPEG from being written in grayscale format even
though only gray pixels are present, use |
gm convert bird.pgm -type TrueColor bird.jpg
|
Similarly, using -type TrueColorMatte will force the encoder
to write an alpha channel even though the image is opaque, if the
output format supports transparency. |
|
-update <seconds>
|
|
detect when image file is modified and redisplay. |
|
Suppose that while you are displaying an image the file that is currently
displayed is over-written.
display will automatically detect that
the input file has been changed and update the displayed image accordingly. |
|
-units <type>
|
| the units of image resolution |
|
Choose from: Undefined, PixelsPerInch, or
PixelsPerCentimeter. This option is normally used in conjunction
with the -density option. |
|
-unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{+<threshold>}
|
| sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator |
|
The -unsharp option sharpens an image. The image is convolved
with a Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation
(sigma). For reasonable results, radius should be larger than sigma. Use
a radius of 0 to have the method select a suitable radius. |
- radius
-
The radius of the Gaussian, in pixels, not counting the center pixel (default 0).
- sigma
-
The standard deviation of the Gaussian, in pixels (default 1.0).
- amount
-
The percentage of the difference between the original and the blur image that
is added back into the original (default 1.0).
- threshold
-
The threshold, as a fraction of MaxRGB, needed to apply the difference
amount (default 0.05).
|
-use-pixmap
|
|
-verbose
|
| print detailed information about the image |
|
This information is printed: image scene number; image name; image size;
the image class (DirectClass or PseudoClass); the total number
of unique colors; and the number of seconds to read and transform the image.
Refer to miff for a description of the image class. |
|
If -colors is also specified, the total unique colors in the image
and color reduction error values are printed. Refer to quantize
for a description of these values. |
|
-version
|
| print GraphicsMagick version string |
|
-view <string>
|
| FlashPix viewing parameters |
|
-virtual-pixel <method>
|
| specify contents of "virtual pixels" |
|
This option
defines "virtual pixels" for use in operations that can access pixels outside
the boundaries of an image. |
|
Choose from these methods: |
- Constant
-
Use the image background color.
- Edge
-
Extend the edge pixel toward infinity (default).
- Mirror
-
Mirror the image.
- Tile
-
Tile the image.
|
This option affects operations that use
virtual pixels such as -blur, -sharpen, -wave, etc. |
|
-visual <type>
|
| animate images using this X visual type |
|
Choose from these visual classes: |
StaticGray
GrayScale
StaticColor
PseudoColor
TrueColor
DirectColor
default
visual id
|
The X server must support the visual you choose, otherwise an error occurs.
If a visual is not specified, the visual class that can display the most
simultaneous colors on the default screen is chosen. |
|
-watermark <brightness>x<saturation>
|
| percent brightness and saturation of a watermark |
|
-wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>
|
| alter an image along a sine wave |
|
Specify amplitude and wavelength
of the wave. |
|
-white-point <x>,<y>
|
|
-window <id>
|
| make image the background of a window |
|
id can be a window id or name. Specify root to
select X's root window as the target window. |
|
By default the image is tiled onto the background of the target
window. If backdrop or -geometry are
specified, the image is surrounded by the background color. Refer to
X RESOURCES for details. |
|
The image will not display on the root window if the image has more
unique colors than the target window colormap allows. Use
-colors to reduce the number of colors. |
|
-window-group
|
|
-write <filename>
|
| write an image sequence [convert, composite] |
|
The image sequence following the -write filenameoption is
written out, and then processing continues with the
same image in its current state if there are additional options. To
restore the image to its original state after writing it, use
the +write filename option. |
|
-write <filename>
|
| write the image to a file [display] |
|
If filename already exists, you will be prompted as to whether it should
be overwritten. |
|
By default, the image is written in the format that it was read in as.
To specify a particular image format, prefix filename with the
image type and a colon (e.g., ps:image) or specify the image type as
the filename suffix (e.g., image.ps). Specify file as - for standard
output. If file has the extension .Z or .gz, the file
size is compressed using compress or gzip
respectively. Precede the image file name with | to pipe to a system
command. |
|
Use -compress to specify the type of image compression. |
|
The equivalent X resource for this option is
writeFilename (class WriteFilename).
See
"X Resources", below,
for details. |
|
Back to Contents
gm animate
|
|
Animate displays a sequence of images on any workstation display
running an X server. animate first determines the hardware capabilities
of the workstation. If the number of unique colors in an image is less
than or equal to the number the workstation can support, the image is displayed
in an X window. Otherwise the number of colors in the image is first reduced
to match the color resolution of the workstation before it is displayed.
This means that a continuous-tone 24 bits-per-pixel image can display on
a 8 bit pseudo-color device or monochrome device. In most instances the
reduced color image closely resembles the original. Alternatively, a monochrome
or pseudo-color image sequence can display on a continuous-tone 24 bits-per-pixel
device.
To help prevent color flashing on X server visuals that have colormaps,
animate
creates a single colormap from the image sequence. This can be rather time
consuming. You can speed this operation up by reducing the colors in the
image before you "animate" them. Use mogrify to color reduce the
images to a single colormap. See mogrify(1) for details. Alternatively,
you can use a Standard Colormap; or a static, direct, or true color visual.
You can define a Standard Colormap with xstdcmap. See xstdcmap(1)
for details. This method is recommended for colormapped X server because
it eliminates the need to compute a global colormap.
|
Back to Contents
Examples
|
|
To animate a set of images of a cockatoo, use:
gm animate cockatoo.*
To animate a cockatoo image sequence while using the Standard Colormap
best, use:
xstdcmap -best
gm animate -map best cockatoo.*
To animate an image of a cockatoo without a border centered on a backdrop,
use:
gm animate +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.*
|
Back to Contents
Options
|
|
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
| decrypt image with this password |
| display the image centered on a backdrop. |
|
-borderwidth <geometry>
|
| (This option has been replaced by the -limit option) |
|
-chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
|
| remove pixels from the interior of an image |
| preferred number of colors in the image |
|
-crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
|
| preferred size and location of the cropped image |
|
-debug <events>
|
| add coder/decoder specific options |
| display the next image after pausing |
| horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image |
| specifies the X server to contact |
| apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image |
| use this font when annotating the image with text |
| define the foreground color |
| level of gamma correction |
|
-geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
|
| preferred size and location of the Image window. |
|
-help
|
| specify the icon geometry |
|
-iconic
|
| the type of interlacing scheme |
| Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit |
| Specify format for debug log |
| display image using this type. |
| store matte channel if the image has one |
| specify the color to be used with the -frame option |
|
-monochrome
|
| transform the image to black and white |
|
-name
|
| pause between animation loops [animate] |
| perform a X11 remote operation |
| apply Paeth image rotation to the image |
| sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder. |
| range of image scene numbers to read |
|
-size <width>x<height>{+offset}
|
| width and height of the image |
| font for writing fixed-width text |
| assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage] |
| tree depth for the color reduction algorithm |
| print detailed information about the image |
| print GraphicsMagick version string |
| animate images using this X visual type |
| make image the background of a window |
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
Any option you specify on the command line remains in effect for the group
of images following it, until the group is terminated by the appearance of
any option or -noop. For example, to animate three images, the first
with 32 colors, the second with an unlimited number of colors, and the
third with only 16 colors, use:
gm animate -colors 32 cockatoo.1 -noop cockatoo.2
-colors 16 cockatoo.3
Animate options can appear on the command line or in your X resources
file. See X(1). Options on the command line supersede values specified
in your X resources file.
Image filenames may appear in any order on the command line if the image
format is MIFF (refer to miff(5) and the
scene keyword
is specified in the image. Otherwise the images will display in the order
they appear on the command line.
|
Back to Contents
Mouse Buttons
|
|
Press any button to map or unmap the Command widget. See the next section
for more information about the Command widget.
|
Back to Contents
Command Widget
|
|
The Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and commands. They are
- Animate
- Open
- Play
- Step
- Repeat
- Auto Reverse
- Speed
- Direction
- Image Info
- Help
- Quit
Menu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu. They are represented
above as the indented items. To access a sub-menu item, move the pointer
to the appropriate menu and press a button and drag. When you find the
desired sub-menu item, release the button and the command is executed.
Move the pointer away from the sub-menu if you decide not to execute a
particular command.
|
Back to Contents
Keyboard Accelerators
|
|
- Ctl+O
- Press to load an image from a file.
- space
- Press to display the next image in the sequence.
- <
- Press to speed-up the display of the images. Refer to
-delay for more information.
- >
- Press to slow the display of the images. Refer to
-delay for more information.
- ?
- Press to display information about the image. Press
any key or button to erase the information.
- This information is printed: image name; image size;
and the total number of unique colors in the image.
- F1
- Press to display helpful information about animate(1).
- Ctl-q
- Press to discard all images and exit program.
|
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X Resources
|
|
Animate options can appear on the command line or in your X resource
file. Options on the command line supersede values specified in your X
resource file. See X(1) for more information on X resources.
All animate options have a corresponding X resource. In addition,
the animate program uses the following X resources:
- background (class Background)
-
Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window background. The
default is #ccc.
- borderColor (class BorderColor)
-
Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window border. The default
is #ccc.
- borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
-
Specifies the width in pixels of the Image window border. The default is
2.
- font (class Font or FontList)
-
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in normal formatted text.
The default is 14 point Helvetica.
- foreground (class Foreground)
-
Specifies the preferred color to use for text within the Image window.
The default is black.
- geometry (class geometry)
-
Specifies the preferred size and position of the image window. It is not
necessarily obeyed by all window managers.
Offsets, if present, are handled in X(1) style. A negative x offset is
measured from the right edge of the screen to the right edge of the icon,
and a negative y offset is measured from the bottom edge of the screen
to the bottom edge of the icon.
- iconGeometry (class IconGeometry)
-
Specifies the preferred size and position of the application when iconified.
It is not necessarily obeyed by all window managers.
Offsets, if present, are handled in the same manner as in class Geometry.
- iconic (class Iconic)
-
This resource indicates that you would prefer that the application's windows
initially not be visible as if the windows had be immediately iconified
by you. Window managers may choose not to honor the application's request.
- matteColor (class MatteColor)
-
Specify the color of windows. It is used for the backgrounds of windows,
menus, and notices. A 3D effect is achieved by using highlight and shadow
colors derived from this color. Default value: #ddd.
- name (class Name)
-
This resource specifies the name under which resources for the application
should be found. This resource is useful in shell aliases to distinguish
between invocations of an application, without resorting to creating links
to alter the executable file name. The default is the application name.
- sharedMemory (class SharedMemory)
-
This resource specifies whether animate should attempt use shared memory
for pixmaps. ImageMagick must be compiled with shared memory support, and
the display must support the MIT-SHM extension. Otherwise, this resource
is ignored. The default is True.
- text_font (class textFont)
-
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed (typewriter style)
formatted text. The default is 14 point Courier.
- title (class Title)
-
This resource specifies the title to be used for the Image window. This
information is sometimes used by a window manager to provide some sort
of header identifying the window. The default is the image file name.
|
Back to Contents
gm composite
|
|
composite composites (combines) images to create new images.
base-image is the base image and change-image contains the changes.
ouput-image is the result, and normally has the same dimensions
as base-image.
The optional mask-image can be used to provide opacity information
for change-image when it has none or if you want a different mask.
A mask image is typically grayscale and the same size as
base-image. If mask-image is not grayscale, it is converted
to grayscale and the resulting intensities are used as opacity
information.
|
Examples
|
|
To composite an image of a cockatoo with a perch, use:
gm composite cockatoo.miff perch.ras composite.miff
To compute the difference between images in a series, use:
gm composite -compose difference series.2 series.1
difference.miff
To composite an image of a cockatoo with a perch starting at location (100,150),
use:
gm composite -geometry +100+150 cockatoo.miff
perch.ras composite.miff
To tile a logo across your image of a cockatoo, use
gm convert +shade 30x60 cockatoo.miff mask.miff
gm composite -compose bumpmap -tile logo.png
cockatoo.miff mask.miff composite.miff
To composite a red, green, and blue color plane into a single composite image,
try
gm composite -compose CopyGreen green.png red.png
red-green.png
gm composite -compose CopyBlue blue.png red-green.png
gm composite.png
|
Back to Contents
Options
|
|
Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
the command line remains in effect only for the image that follows. All
options are reset to their default values after each image is read.
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
| decrypt image with this password |
| blue chromaticity primary point |
| (This option has been replaced by the -limit option) |
| preferred number of colors in the image |
| annotate an image with a comment |
| the type of image composition |
| the type of image compression |
|
-debug <events>
|
| add coder/decoder specific options |
| horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image |
|
-displace <horizontal scale>x<vertical scale>
|
| shift image pixels as defined by a displacement map |
| specifies the X server to contact |
| dissolve an image into another by the given percent |
| apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image |
| specify the text encoding |
| specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image |
| use this type of filter when resizing an image |
| use this font when annotating the image with text |
|
-geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
|
| preferred size and location of the Image window. |
| direction primitive gravitates to when annotating the image. |
| green chromaticity primary point |
|
-help
|
| the type of interlacing scheme |
| assign a label to an image |
| Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit |
| Specify format for debug log |
| store matte channel if the image has one |
|
-monochrome
|
| transform the image to black and white |
| replace every pixel with its complementary color |
|
-page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
|
| size and location of an image canvas |
| add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile to image |
| JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level |
| red chromaticity primary point |
|
-resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
|
| apply Paeth image rotation to the image |
| sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder. |
|
-size <width>x<height>{+offset}
|
| width and height of the image |
| hide watermark within an image |
| composite two images to create a stereo anaglyph |
| tree depth for the color reduction algorithm |
| the units of image resolution |
|
-unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{+<threshold>}
|
| sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator |
| print detailed information about the image |
| print GraphicsMagick version string |
|
-watermark <brightness>x<saturation>
|
| percent brightness and saturation of a watermark |
| write an image sequence [convert, composite] |
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
|
gm conjure
|
|
The Magick scripting language (MSL) will primarily benefit those that
want to accomplish custom image processing tasks but do not wish to
program, or those that do not have access to a Perl interpreter or a
compiler. The interpreter is called conjure and here is an example
script:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<image size="400x400" >
<read filename="image.gif" />
<get width="base-width" height="base-height" />
<resize geometry="%[dimensions]" />
<get width="width" height="height" />
<print output=
"Image sized from %[base-width]x%[base-height]
to %[width]x%[height].\n" />
<write filename="image.png" />
</image>
invoked with
gm conjure -dimensions 400x400 incantation.msl
All operations will closely follow the key/value pairs defined in
PerlMagick, unless otherwise noted.
Conjure is in the early stages of development as of
April 2002.
This early announcement is to allow GraphicsMagick users to contribute
ideas early in the process so when the scripting language is released it
will be useful/stable from the get-go! If you want to contribute
suggestions about the Magick scripting language (MSL), post them to the
GraphicsMagick tools list at graphicsmagick-tools @ lists.sourceforge.net.
|
Back to Contents
Options
|
|
Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
the command line remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by specifying
the option again with a different effect, or if it is changed by a statement
in the scripting language.
You can define your own keyword/value pairs on the command line.
The script can then use this information when setting values by including
%[keyword] in the string. For example, if you included
"-dimensions 400x400" on the command line, as illustrated above,
then any string
containing "%[dimensions]" would have 400x400 substituted.
The "%[string]" can be used either an entire string, such as
geometry="%[dimensions]" or as a part of a string such as
filename="%[basename].png".
The keyword can be any string except for the following reserved
strings (in any upper, lower, or mixed case variant): debug,
help, and verbose, whose usage is described below.
The value can be any string. If
either the keyword or the value contains white space or any
symbols that have special meanings to your shell such as "#",
"|",
or
"%", enclose the string in quotation marks or use "\" to escape the white
space and special symbols.
Keywords and values are case dependent. "Key",
"key",
and "KEY" would
be three different keywords.
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
|
-debug <events>
|
| add coder/decoder specific options |
|
-help
|
| Specify format for debug log |
| print detailed information about the image |
| print GraphicsMagick version string |
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Magick Scripting Language
|
|
The Magick Scripting Language (MSL) presently defines the following
elements and their attributes:
- <image>
-
Define a new image object. </image> destroys it. Because of
this, if you wish to reference multiple "subimages" (aka pages or
layers), you can embed one image element inside of another. For
example:
-
<image>
<read filename="input.png" />
<get width="base-width" height="base-height" />
<image height="base-height" width="base-width">
<image />
<write filename="output.mng" />
</image>
-
<image size="400x400" />
- <group>
-
Define a new group of image objects. By default, images are only
valid for the life of their <image>element.
-
<image> -- creates the image
..... -- do stuff with it
</image> -- dispose of the image
-
However, in a group, all images in that group will stay around for the
life of the group:
-
<group> -- start a group
<image> -- create an image
.... -- do stuff
</image> -- NOOP
<image> -- create another image
.... -- do more stuff
</image> -- NOOP
<write filename="image.mng" /> -- output
</group> -- dispose of both images
- <read>
-
Read a new image from a disk file.
-
<read filename="image.gif" />
-
To read two images use
-
<read filename="image.gif" />
<read filename="image.png />
- <write>
- Write the image(s) to disk, either as
a single multiple-image file or multiple ones if necessary.
-
<write filename=image.tiff" />
- <get>
- Get any attribute recognized by
PerlMagick's GetAttribute() and stores it as an image attribute for later
use. Currently only width and height are supported.
-
<get width="base-width" height="base-height" />
<print output="Image size is %[base-width]x%[base-height].\n" />
- <set>
- background, bordercolor, clip-mask, colorspace, density,
magick, mattecolor, opacity. Set an attribute recognized by
PerlMagick's GetAttribute().
- <border>
- fill, geometry, height, width
- <blur>
- radius, sigma
- <charcoal>
- radius, sigma
- <chop>
- geometry, height, width, x, y
- <crop>
- geometry, height, width, x, y
- <despeckle>
- <emboss>
- radius, sigma
- <enhance>
- <equalize>
- <flip>
- <flop>
- <frame>
- fill, geometry, height, width, x, y, inner, outer
- <get>
- height, width
- <image>
- background, color, id, size
- <magnify>
- <minify>
- <normalize>
- <print>
- output
- <read>
- <resize>
- blur, filter, geometry, height, width
- <roll>
- geometry, x, y
- <rotate>
- degrees
- <sample>
- geometry, height, width
- <scale>
- geometry, height, width
- <sharpen>
- radius, sigma
- <shave>
- geometry, height, width
- <shear>
- x, y
- <solarize>
- threshold
- <spread>
- radius
- <stegano>
- image
- <stereo>
- image
- <swirl>
- degrees
- <texture>
- image
- <threshold>
- threshold
- <transparent>
- color
- <trim>
|
gm convert
|
|
Convert converts an input file using one image format to an output
file with a differing image format. In addition, various types of image
processing can be performed on the converted image during the conversion
process. Convert recognizes the image formats listed in
GraphicsMagick(1).
|
Back to Contents
Examples
|
|
To make a thumbnail of a JPEG image, use:
gm convert -size 120x120 cockatoo.jpg -resize 120x120
+profile "*" thumbnail.jpg
|
In this example, '-size 120x120' gives a hint to the JPEG decoder
that the image is going to be downscaled to 120x120, allowing it to run
faster by avoiding returning full-resolution images to GraphicsMagick for
the subsequent resizing operation. The
'-resize 120x120' specifies the desired dimensions of the
output image. It will be scaled so its largest dimension is 120 pixels. The
'+profile "*"' removes any ICM, EXIF, IPTC, or other profiles
that might be present in the input and aren't needed in the thumbnail. |
To convert a MIFF image of a cockatoo to a SUN raster image, use:
gm convert cockatoo.miff sun:cockatoo.ras
To convert a multi-page PostScript document to individual FAX pages,
use:
gm convert -monochrome document.ps fax:page
To convert a TIFF image to a PostScript A4 page with the image in
the lower left-hand corner, use:
gm convert -page A4+0+0 image.tiff document.ps
To convert a raw Gray image with a 128 byte header to a portable graymap,
use:
gm convert -depth 8 -size 768x512+128 gray:raw
image.pgm
In this example, "raw" is the input file. Its format is "gray" and it
has the dimensions and number of header bytes specified by the -size
option and the sample depth specified by the
-depth option. The output file is "image.pgm". The suffix ".pgm"
specifies its format.
To convert a Photo CD image to a TIFF image, use:
gm convert -size 1536x1024 img0009.pcd image.tiff
gm convert img0009.pcd[4] image.tiff
To create a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use:
gm convert 'vid:*.jpg' directory.miff
To annotate an image with blue text using font 12x24 at position (100,100),
use:
gm convert -font helvetica -fill blue
-draw "text 100,100 Cockatoo"
bird.jpg bird.miff
To tile a 640x480 image with a JPEG texture with bumps use:
gm convert -size 640x480 tile:bumps.jpg tiled.png
To surround an icon with an ornamental border to use with Mosaic(1), use:
gm convert -mattecolor "#697B8F" -frame 6x6 bird.jpg
icon.png
To create a MNG animation from a DNA molecule sequence, use:
gm convert -delay 20 dna.* dna.mng
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Options
|
|
Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
the command line remains in effect for the set of images that follows,
until the set is terminated by the appearance of any option or -noop.
Some options only affect the decoding of images and others only the encoding.
The latter can appear after the final group of input images.
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
| join images into a single multi-image file |
| decrypt image with this password |
| blue chromaticity primary point |
| blur the image with a Gaussian operator |
| surround the image with a border of color |
| set the color of the annotation bounding box |
| (This option has been replaced by the -limit option) |
|
-charcoal <factor>
|
| simulate a charcoal drawing |
|
-chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
|
| remove pixels from the interior of an image |
| apply the clipping path, if one is present |
| merge a sequence of images |
| colorize the image with the pen color |
| preferred number of colors in the image |
| annotate an image with a comment |
| the type of image composition |
| the type of image compression |
| enhance or reduce the image contrast |
| convolve image with the specified convolution kernel |
|
-crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
|
| preferred size and location of the cropped image |
| displace image colormap by amount |
|
-debug <events>
|
| break down an image sequence into constituent parts |
| add coder/decoder specific options |
| display the next image after pausing |
| horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image |
|
-despeckle
|
| reduce the speckles within an image |
| specifies the X server to contact |
| apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image |
| annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives |
|
-edge <radius>
|
| detect edges within an image |
|
-emboss <radius>
|
| specify the text encoding |
| specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image |
|
-enhance
|
| apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image |
|
-equalize
|
| perform histogram equalization to the image |
| color to use when filling a graphic primitive |
| use this type of filter when resizing an image |
| flatten a sequence of images |
| use this font when annotating the image with text |
|
-frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
|
| surround the image with an ornamental border |
| colors within this distance are considered equal |
| level of gamma correction |
| blur the image with a Gaussian operator |
|
-geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
|
| preferred size and location of the Image window. |
| direction primitive gravitates to when annotating the image. |
| green chromaticity primary point |
|
-help
|
|
-implode <factor>
|
| implode image pixels about the center |
| use this type of rendering intent when managing the image color |
| the type of interlacing scheme |
| assign a label to an image |
|
-lat <width>x<height>{+-}<offset>{%}
|
| perform local adaptive thresholding |
|
-level <black_point>{,<gamma>}{,<white_point>}{%}
|
| adjust the level of image contrast |
| Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit |
| Specify format for debug log |
| add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation |
| choose a particular set of colors from this image |
| store matte channel if the image has one |
| specify the color to be used with the -frame option |
|
-median <radius>
|
| apply a median filter to the image |
| vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image |
|
-monochrome
|
| transform the image to black and white |
| create a mosaic from an image or an image sequence |
| replace every pixel with its complementary color |
| add or reduce noise in an image |
| transform image to span the full range of color values |
| change this color to the pen color within the image |
| apply a mathematical or bitwise operator to an image channel |
|
-page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
|
| size and location of an image canvas |
| (This option has been replaced by the -fill option) |
|
-ping
|
| efficiently determine image characteristics |
|
-pointsize <value>
|
| pointsize of the PostScript, OPTION1, or TrueType font |
| process a sequence of images using a process module |
| add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile to image |
| JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level |
| lighten or darken image edges |
| random threshold the image |
| red chromaticity primary point |
|
-region <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
|
| apply options to a portion of the image |
| Resample image to specified horizontal and vertical resolution |
|
-resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
|
| roll an image vertically or horizontally |
| apply Paeth image rotation to the image |
| scale image using pixel sampling |
| sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder. |
|
-segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
|
| shade the image using a distant light source |
| shave pixels from the image edges |
|
-shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
|
| shear the image along the X or Y axis |
|
-size <width>x<height>{+offset}
|
| width and height of the image |
| negate all pixels above the threshold level |
| displace image pixels by a random amount |
| color to use when stroking a graphic primitive |
| swirl image pixels about the center |
|
-texture <filename>
|
| name of texture to tile onto the image background |
|
-tile <filename>
|
| tile image when filling a graphic primitive |
| make this color transparent within the image |
| tree depth for the color reduction algorithm |
| the units of image resolution |
|
-unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{+<threshold>}
|
| sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator |
|
-use-pixmap
|
| print detailed information about the image |
| print GraphicsMagick version string |
|
-view <string>
|
| FlashPix viewing parameters |
| specify contents of "virtual pixels" |
|
-wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>
|
| alter an image along a sine wave |
| write an image sequence [convert, composite] |
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
gm display
|
Back to Contents
Examples
|
|
To scale an image of a cockatoo to exactly 640 pixels in width and 480
pixels in height and position the window at location (200,200), use:
gm display -geometry 640x480+200+200! cockatoo.miff
To display an image of a cockatoo without a border centered on a backdrop,
use:
gm display +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.miff
To tile a slate texture onto the root window, use:
gm display -size 1280x1024 -window root slate.png
To display a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use:
gm display 'vid:*.jpg'
To display a MAP image that is 640 pixels in width and 480 pixels in height
with 256 colors, use:
gm display -size 640x480+256 cockatoo.map
To display an image of a cockatoo specified with a World Wide Web (WWW)
uniform resource locator (URL), use:
gm display ftp://wizards.dupont.com/images/cockatoo.jpg
To display histogram of an image, use:
gm convert file.jpg HISTOGRAM:- | display -
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Options
|
|
Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
the command line remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by specifying
the option again with a different effect. For example to display three images,
the first with 32 colors, the second with an unlimited number of colors,
and the third with only 16 colors, use:
gm display -colors 32 cockatoo.miff -noop duck.miff
-colors 16 macaw.miff
Display options can appear on the command line or in your X resources
file. See X(1). Options on the command line supersede values specified
in your X resources file.
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
| decrypt image with this password |
| display the image centered on a backdrop. |
| surround the image with a border of color |
|
-borderwidth <geometry>
|
| (This option has been replaced by the -limit option) |
| preferred number of colors in the image |
| annotate an image with a comment |
| the type of image compression |
| enhance or reduce the image contrast |
|
-crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
|
| preferred size and location of the cropped image |
|
-debug <events>
|
| add coder/decoder specific options |
| display the next image after pausing |
| horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image |
|
-despeckle
|
| reduce the speckles within an image |
| specifies the X server to contact |
| apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image |
|
-edge <radius>
|
| detect edges within an image |
| specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image |
|
-enhance
|
| apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image |
| use this type of filter when resizing an image |
| use this font when annotating the image with text |
| define the foreground color |
|
-frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
|
| surround the image with an ornamental border |
| level of gamma correction |
|
-geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
|
| preferred size and location of the Image window. |
|
-help
|
| specify the icon geometry |
|
-iconic
|
|
-immutable
|
| the type of interlacing scheme |
| assign a label to an image |
| Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit |
| Specify format for debug log |
|
-magnify <factor>
|
| display image using this type. |
| store matte channel if the image has one |
| specify the color to be used with the -frame option |
|
-monochrome
|
| transform the image to black and white |
|
-name
|
| replace every pixel with its complementary color |
|
-page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
|
| size and location of an image canvas |
| disable progress monitor and busy cursor |
| JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level |
| lighten or darken image edges |
| perform a X11 remote operation |
| roll an image vertically or horizontally |
| apply Paeth image rotation to the image |
| scale image using pixel sampling |
| sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder. |
| range of image scene numbers to read |
|
-segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
|
|
-size <width>x<height>{+offset}
|
| width and height of the image |
| font for writing fixed-width text |
|
-texture <filename>
|
| name of texture to tile onto the image background |
| assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage] |
| tree depth for the color reduction algorithm |
|
detect when image file is modified and redisplay. |
|
-use-pixmap
|
| print detailed information about the image |
| print GraphicsMagick version string |
| animate images using this X visual type |
| make image the background of a window |
|
-window-group
|
| write the image to a file [display] |
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
|
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Mouse Buttons
|
|
The effects of each button press is described below. Three buttons are
required. If you have a two button mouse, button 1 and 3 are returned.
Press ALT and button 3 to simulate button 2.
|
1
|
|
Press this button to map or unmap the Command
widget . See the next section for more information about the Command
widget. |
|
2
|
|
Press and drag to define a region of the image to magnify. |
|
3
|
|
Press and drag to choose from a select set of display(1)
commands. This button behaves differently if the image being displayed
is a visual image directory. Choose a particular tile of the directory
and press this button and drag to select a command from a pop-up menu.
Choose from these menu items: |
- Open
- Next
- Former
- Delete
- Update
If you choose Open, the image represented by the tile is displayed.
To return to the visual image directory, choose Next from the Command
widget (refer to Command Widget).
Next and Former
moves to the next or former image respectively. Choose Delete to
delete a particular image tile. Finally, choose Update to synchronize
all the image tiles with their respective images. See
montage
and
miff for more details.
|
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Command Widget
|
|
The Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and commands. They are
- File
- Open...
- Next
- Former
- Select...
- Save...
- Print...
- Delete...
- Canvas...
- Visual Directory...
- Quit
- View
- Half Size
- Original Size
- Double Size
- Resize...
- Apply
- Refresh
- Restore
- Transform
- Crop
- Chop
- Flop
- Flip
- Rotate Right
- Rotate Left
- Rotate...
- Shear...
- Roll...
- Trim Edges
- Enhance
- Hue...
- Saturation...
- Brightness...
- Gamma...
- Spiff...
- Dull
- Equalize
- Normalize
- Negate
- GRAYscale
- Quantize...
- Effects
- Despeckle
- Emboss
- Reduce Noise
- Add Noise
- Sharpen...
- Blur...
- Threshold...
- Edge Detect...
- Spread...
- Shade...
- Raise...
- Segment...
- F/X
- Solarize...
- Swirl...
- Implode...
- Wave...
- Oil Paint...
- Charcoal Draw...
- Image Edit
- Annotate...
- Draw...
- Color...
- Matte...
- Composite...
- Add Border...
- Add Frame...
- Comment...
- Launch...
- Region of Interest...
- Miscellany
- Image Info
- Zoom Image
- Show Preview...
- Show Histogram
- Show Matte
- Background...
- Slide Show
- Preferences...
- Help
- Overview
- Browse Documentation
- About Display
Menu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu. They are represented
above as the indented items. To access a sub-menu item, move the pointer
to the appropriate menu and press button 1 and drag. When you find the
desired sub-menu item, release the button and the command is executed.
Move the pointer away from the sub-menu if you decide not to execute a
particular command.
|
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Keyboard Accelerators
|
|
Accelerators are one or two key presses that effect a particular command.
The keyboard accelerators that
display understands is:
Ctl+O Press to load an image from a file.
space Press to display the next image.
If the image is a multi-paged document such as a
PostScript document,
you can skip ahead several pages by preceding this command with a number.
For example to display the fourth page beyond the current page,
press 4space.
backspace Press to display the former image.
If the image is a multi-paged document such as a
PostScript document,
you can skip behind several pages by preceding this command with a number.
For example to display the fourth page preceding the current page, press
4n.
Ctl-S Press to save the image to a file.
Ctl-P Press to print the image to a
PostScript printer.
Ctl-D Press to delete an image file.
Ctl-N Press to create a blank canvas.
Ctl-Q Press to discard all images and exit program.
Ctl+Z Press to undo last image transformation.
Ctl+R Press to redo last image transformation.
Ctl-X Press to cut a region of
the image.
Ctl-C Press to copy a region of
the image.
Ctl-V Press to paste a region to
the image.
< Press to halve the image size.
. Press to return to the original image size.
> Press to double the image size.
% Press to resize the image to a width and height
you specify.
Cmd-A Press to make any image transformations
permanent.
By default, any image size transformations are
applied to the original image to create the
image displayed on the X server. However, the
transformations are not permanent (i.e. the
original image does not change size only the
X image does). For example, if you press ">"
the X image will appear to double in size, but
the original image will in fact remain the same
size. To force the original image to double in
size, press ">" followed by "Cmd-A".
@ Press to refresh the image window.
C Press to crop the image.
[ Press to chop the image.
H Press to flop image in the horizontal direction.
V Press to flip image in the vertical direction.
/ Press to rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise.
\ Press to rotate the image 90 degrees
counter-clockwise.
* Press to rotate the image
the number of degrees you specify.
S Press to shear the image the number of degrees
you specify.
R Press to roll the image.
T Press to trim the image edges.
Shft-H Press to vary the color hue.
Shft-S Press to vary the color saturation.
Shft-L Press to vary the image brightness.
Shft-G Press to gamma correct the image.
Shft-C Press to spiff up the image contrast.
Shft-Z Press to dull the image contrast.
= Press to perform histogram equalization on
the image.
Shft-N Press to perform histogram normalization on
the image.
Shft-~ Press to negate the colors of the image.
. Press to convert the image colors to gray.
Shft-# Press to set the maximum number of unique
colors in the image.
F2 Press to reduce the speckles in an image.
F2 Press to emboss an image.
F4 Press to eliminate peak noise from an image.
F5 Press to add noise to an image.
F6 Press to sharpen an image.
F7 Press to blur image an image.
F8 Press to threshold the image.
F9 Press to detect edges within an image.
F10 Press to displace pixels by a random amount.
F11 Press to shade the image using a distant light
source.
F12 Press to lighten or darken image edges to
create a 3-D effect.
F13 Press to segment the image by color.
Meta-S Press to swirl image pixels about the center.
Meta-I Press to implode image pixels about the center.
Meta-W Press to alter an image along a sine wave.
Meta-P Press to simulate an oil painting.
Meta-C Press to simulate a charcoal drawing.
Alt-X Press to composite the image
with another.
Alt-A Press to annotate the image with text.
Alt-D Press to draw a line on the image.
Alt-P Press to edit an image pixel color.
Alt-M Press to edit the image matte information.
Alt-X Press to composite the image with another.
Alt-A Press to add a border to the image.
Alt-F Press to add a ornamental frame to the image.
Alt-Shft-! Press to add an image comment.
Ctl-A Press to apply image processing techniques to a
region of interest.
Shft-? Press to display information about the image.
Shft-+ Press to map the zoom image window.
Shft-P Press to preview an image enhancement, effect,
or f/x.
F1 Press to display helpful information about
the "display" utility.
Find Press to browse documentation about
GraphicsMagick.
1-9 Press to change the level of magnification.
Use the arrow keys to move the image one pixel up, down, left, or right
within the magnify window. Be sure to first map the magnify window by pressing
button 2.
Press ALT and one of the arrow keys to trim off one pixel from any side
of the image.
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Back to Contents
X Resources
|
|
Display options can appear on the command line or in your X resource
file. Options on the command line supersede values specified in your X
resource file. See X(1) for more information on X resources.
Most display options have a corresponding X resource. In addition,
display
uses the following X resources:
|
background (class Background)
|
|
Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window background. The
default is #ccc. |
|
borderColor (class BorderColor)
|
|
Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window border. The default
is #ccc. |
|
borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
|
|
Specifies the width in pixels of the image window border. The default is
2. |
|
browseCommand (class browseCommand)
|
|
Specifies the name of the preferred browser when displaying GraphicsMagick
documentation. The default is netscape %s. |
|
confirmExit (class ConfirmExit)
|
|
Display pops up a dialog box to confirm exiting the program when
exiting the program. Set this resource to False to exit without
a confirmation. |
|
displayGamma (class DisplayGamma)
|
|
Specifies the gamma of the X server. |
|
You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channels
of the image with a gamma value list delineated with slashes (i.e. 1.7/2.3/1.2). |
|
displayWarnings (class DisplayWarnings)
|
|
Display pops up a dialog box whenever a warning message occurs.
Set this resource to False to ignore warning messages. |
|
font (class FontList)
|
|
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in normal formatted text.
The default is 14 point Helvetica. |
|
font[1-9] (class Font[1-9])
|
|
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use when
annotating
the image window with text. The default fonts are fixed, variable, 5x8,
6x10, 7x13bold, 8x13bold, 9x15bold, 10x20, and 12x24. |
|
foreground (class Foreground)
|
|
Specifies the preferred color to use for text within the image window.
The default is black. |
|
gammaCorrect (class gammaCorrect)
|
|
This resource, if true, will lighten or darken an image of known gamma
to match the gamma of the display (see resource displayGamma). The
default is True. |
|
geometry (class Geometry)
|
|
Specifies the preferred size and position of the image window. It is not
necessarily obeyed by all window managers. |
|
Offsets, if present, are handled in X(1) style. A negative x offset is
measured from the right edge of the screen to the right edge of the icon,
and a negative y offset is measured from the bottom edge of the screen
to the bottom edge of the icon. |
|
iconGeometry (class IconGeometry)
|
|
Specifies the preferred size and position of the application when iconified.
It is not necessarily obeyed by all window managers. |
|
Offsets, if present, are handled in the same manner as in class Geometry. |
|
iconic (class Iconic)
|
|
This resource indicates that you would prefer that the application's windows
initially not be visible as if the windows had be immediately iconified
by you. Window managers may choose not to honor the application's request. |
|
magnify (class Magnify)
|
|
specifies an integral factor by which the image should be enlarged. The
default is 3. |
|
This value only affects the magnification window which is invoked with
button
number 3 after the image is displayed. |
|
matteColor (class MatteColor)
|
|
Specify the color of windows. It is used for the backgrounds of windows,
menus, and notices. A 3D effect is achieved by using highlight and shadow
colors derived from this color. Default value: #697B8F. |
|
name (class Name)
|
|
This resource specifies the name under which resources for the application
should be found. This resource is useful in shell aliases to distinguish
between invocations of an application, without resorting to creating links
to alter the executable file name. The default is the application name. |
|
pen[1-9] (class Pen[1-9])
|
|
Specifies the color of the preferred font to use when
annotating
the image window with text. The default colors are black, blue, green,
cyan, gray, red, magenta, yellow, and white. |
|
printCommand (class PrintCommand)
|
|
This command is executed whenever Print is issued. In general, it is the
command to print PostScript to your printer. Default value: lp
-c -s %i. |
|
sharedMemory (class SharedMemory)
|
|
This resource specifies whether display should attempt use shared memory
for pixmaps. GraphicsMagick must be compiled with shared memory support,
and the display must support the MIT-SHM extension. Otherwise, this
resource is ignored. The default is True. |
|
textFont (class textFont)
|
|
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed (typewriter style)
formatted text. The default is 14 point Courier. |
|
title (class Title)
|
|
This resource specifies the title to be used for the image window. This
information is sometimes used by a window manager to provide a header identifying
the window. The default is the image file name. |
|
undoCache (class UndoCache)
|
|
Specifies, in mega-bytes, the amount of memory in the undo edit cache.
Each time you modify the image it is saved in the undo edit cache as long
as memory is available. You can subsequently undo one or more of
these transformations. The default is 16 Megabytes. |
|
usePixmap (class UsePixmap)
|
|
Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this resource to True
to utilize a server Pixmap instead. This option is useful if your image
exceeds the dimensions of your server screen and you intend to pan the
image. Panning is much faster with Pixmaps than with a XImage. Pixmaps
are considered a precious resource, use them with discretion. |
To set the geometry of the Magnify or Pan or window, use the geometry resource.
For example, to set the Pan window geometry to 256x256, use:
gm display.pan.geometry: 256x256
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Back to Contents
Image Loading
|
|
To select an image to display, choose Open of the File sub-menu
from the Command widget. A file browser is displayed.
To choose a particular image file, move the pointer to the filename and
press any button. The filename is copied to the text window. Next, press
Open
or press the RETURN key. Alternatively, you can type the image file
name directly into the text window. To descend directories, choose a directory
name and press the button twice quickly. A scrollbar allows a large list
of filenames to be moved through the viewing area if it exceeds the size
of the list area.
You can trim the list of file names by using shell globbing characters.
For example, type *.jpg to list only files that end
with .jpg.
To select your image from the X server screen instead of from a file, Choose
Grab of the Open widget.
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Back to Contents
Visual Image Directory
|
|
To create a Visual Image Directory, choose Visual Directory of the File
sub-menu from the Command widget . A file browser is
displayed. To create a Visual Image Directory from all the images in the
current directory, press Directory or press the RETURN key.
Alternatively, you can select a set of image names by using shell globbing
characters. For example, type *.jpg to include only files that
end with .jpg. To descend directories, choose a directory name
and press the button twice quickly. A scrollbar allows a large list of
filenames to be moved through the viewing area if it exceeds the size of
the list area.
After you select a set of files, they are turned into thumbnails and tiled
onto a single image. Now move the pointer to a particular thumbnail and
press button 3 and drag. Finally, select Open. The image represented
by the thumbnail is displayed at its full size. Choose Next from
the File sub-menu of the Command widget to return to the Visual
Image Directory.
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Back to Contents
Image Cutting
|
|
Note that cut information for image window is not retained for colormapped
X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor,
StaticColor, GRAYScale,
PseudoColor).
Correct cutting behavior may require a TrueColor or DirectColor
visual or a Standard Colormap.
To begin, press choose Cut of the Edit sub-menu from the
Command
widget. Alternatively, press
F3 in the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in cut mode. In cut mode, the Command widget has these
options:
To define a cut region, press button 1 and drag. The cut region is defined
by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows the
pointer. Once you are satisfied with the cut region, release the button.
You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these
options:
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cut rectangle
corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Cut to commit
your copy region. To exit without cutting the image, press Dismiss.
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Back to Contents
Image Copying
|
|
To begin, press choose Copy of the Edit sub-menu from the
Command
widget. Alternatively, press
F4 in the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in copy mode. In copy mode, the Command widget has
these options:
To define a copy region, press button 1 and drag. The copy region is defined
by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows the
pointer. Once you are satisfied with the copy region, release the button.
You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these
options:
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the copy rectangle
corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Copy to commit
your copy region. To exit without copying the image, press Dismiss.
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Back to Contents
Image Pasting
|
|
To begin, press choose Paste of the Edit sub-menu from the
Command
widget. Alternatively, press
F5 in the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in Paste mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
In Paste mode, the Command widget has these options:
- Operators
- over
- in
- out
- atop
- xor
- plus
- minus
- add
- subtract
- difference
- multiply
- bumpmap
- replace
- Help
- Dismiss
Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of the
Command
widget. How each operator behaves is described below. image window
is the image currently displayed on your X server and image is the
image obtained with the File Browser widget.
|
over
|
|
The result is the union of the two image shapes, with image obscuring
image
window in the region of overlap. |
|
in
|
|
The result is simply image cut by the shape of
image window.
None of the image data of image window is in the result. |
|
out
|
|
The resulting image is image with the shape of
image window
cut out. |
|
atop
|
|
The result is the same shape as image window, with
image
obscuring image window where the image shapes overlap. Note this
differs from over because the portion of image outside
image window's
shape does not appear in the result. |
|
xor
|
|
The result is the image data from both image and
image window
that is outside the overlap region. The overlap region is blank. |
|
plus
|
|
The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are cropped
to the maximum value (no overflow). This operation is independent of the
matte channels. |
|
minus
|
|
The result of image - image window, with underflow cropped
to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to opaque, full coverage). |
|
add
|
|
The result of image + image window, with overflow wrapping
around (mod MaxRGB+1). |
|
subtract
|
|
The result of image - image window, with underflow wrapping
around (mod MaxRGB+1). The add and subtract operators can be used to perform
reversible transformations. |
|
difference
|
|
The result of abs(image - image window). This is useful for
comparing two very similar images. |
|
multiply
|
|
The result of image * image window. This is useful for
the creation of drop-shadows. |
|
bumpmap
|
|
The result of image window shaded by window. |
|
replace
|
| The resulting image is image window replaced with
image.
Here the matte information is ignored. |
The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the image for
some operations. This extra channel usually defines a mask which represents
a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when matte is
255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and between
zero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not have a matte channel, it
is initialized with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel location
(0,0), otherwise 255. See Matte Editing for a method
of defining a matte channel.
Note that matte information for image window is not retained for colormapped
X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor).
Correct compositing behavior may require a
TrueColor or DirectColor
visual or a Standard Colormap.
Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator is replace.
However, you must choose a location to composite your image and press button
1. Press and hold the button before releasing and an outline of the image
will appear to help you identify your location.
The actual colors of the pasted image is saved. However, the color that
appears in image window may be different. For example, on a monochrome
screen image window will appear black or white even though your pasted
image may have many colors. If the image is saved to a file it is written
with the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are saved in the
final image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass.
To force a
PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass,
use -colors.
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Back to Contents
Image Cropping
|
|
To begin, press choose Crop of the Transform submenu from
the Command widget. Alternatively,
press [ in the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in crop mode. In crop mode, the Command widget has
these options:
To define a cropping region, press button 1 and drag. The cropping region
is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows
the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the cropping region, release the
button. You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget
has these options:
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cropping rectangle
corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Crop to commit
your cropping region. To exit without cropping the image, press Dismiss.
|
Back to Contents
Image Chopping
|
|
An image is chopped interactively. There is no command line argument to
chop an image. To begin, choose Chop of the Transform sub-menu
from the Command widget. Alternatively,
press ] in the Image window.
You are now in Chop mode. To exit immediately, press
Dismiss.
In Chop mode, the Command widget has these options:
If the you choose the horizontal direction (this is the default), the area
of the image between the two horizontal endpoints of the chop line is removed.
Otherwise, the area of the image between the two vertical endpoints of
the chop line is removed.
Select a location within the image window to begin your chop, press and
hold any button. Next, move the pointer to another location in the image.
As you move a line will connect the initial location and the pointer. When
you release the button, the area within the image to chop is determined
by which direction you choose from the Command widget.
To cancel the image chopping, move the pointer back to the starting point
of the line and release the button.
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Back to Contents
Image Rotation
|
|
Press the / key to rotate the image 90 degrees or \ to rotate -90 degrees.
To interactively choose the degree of rotation, choose
Rotate...
of the Transform submenu from the Command Widget.
Alternatively, press * in the image window.
A small horizontal line is drawn next to the pointer. You are now in rotate
mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In rotate mode, the Command widget
has these options:
- Pixel Color
- black
- blue
- cyan
- green
- gray
- red
- magenta
- yellow
- white
- Browser...
- Direction
- Help
- Dismiss
Choose a background color from the Pixel Color sub-menu. Additional background
colors can be specified with the color browser. You can change the menu
colors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9.
If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can select the
background color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screen
and press any button.
Choose a point in the image window and press this button and hold. Next,
move the pointer to another location in the image. As you move a line connects
the initial location and the pointer. When you release the button, the
degree of image rotation is determined by the slope of the line you just
drew. The slope is relative to the direction you choose from the Direction
sub-menu of the Command widget.
To cancel the image rotation, move the pointer back to the starting point
of the line and release the button.
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Back to Contents
Back to Contents
Image Annotation
|
|
An image is annotated interactively. There is no command line argument
to annotate an image. To begin, choose
Annotate of the Image
Edit sub-menu from the Command widget. Alternatively,
press a in the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in annotate mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
In annotate mode, the Command widget has these options:
-
Font Name
-
fixed
-
variable
-
5x8
-
6x10
-
7x13bold
-
8x13bold
-
9x15bold
-
10x20
-
12x24
-
Browser...
-
Font Color
-
black
-
blue
-
cyan
-
green
-
gray
-
red
-
magenta
-
yellow
-
white
-
transparent
-
Browser...
-
Box Color
-
black
-
blue
-
cyan
-
green
-
gray
-
red
-
magenta
-
yellow
-
white
-
transparent
-
Browser...
-
Rotate Text
-
-90
-
-45
-
-30
-
0
-
30
-
45
-
90
-
180
-
Dialog...
-
Help
-
Dismiss
Choose a font name from the Font Name sub-menu. Additional font
names can be specified with the font browser. You can change the menu names
by setting the X resources font1 through font9.
Choose a font color from the Font Color sub-menu. Additional font
colors can be specified with the color browser. You can change the menu
colors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9.
If you select the color browser and press Grab, you can choose the
font color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screen and
press any button.
If you choose to rotate the text, choose Rotate Text from the menu
and select an angle. Typically you will only want to rotate one line of
text at a time. Depending on the angle you choose, subsequent lines may
end up overwriting each other.
Choosing a font and its color is optional. The default font is fixed and
the default color is black. However, you must choose a location to begin
entering text and press a button. An underscore character will appear at
the location of the pointer. The cursor changes to a pencil to indicate
you are in text mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
In text mode, any key presses will display the character at the location
of the underscore and advance the underscore cursor. Enter your text and
once completed press Apply to finish your image annotation. To correct
errors press BACK SPACE. To delete an entire line of text, press
DELETE.
Any text that exceeds the boundaries of the image window is automatically
continued onto the next line.
The actual color you request for the font is saved in the image. However,
the color that appears in your Image window may be different. For example,
on a monochrome screen the text will appear black or white even if you
choose the color red as the font color. However, the image saved to a file
with -write is written with red lettering. To assure the correct
color text in the final image, any PseudoClass image is promoted
to DirectClass (see miff(5)). To force a PseudoClass image
to remain
PseudoClass, use -colors.
|
Back to Contents
Image Compositing
|
|
An image composite is created interactively. There is no command line
argument to composite an image. To begin, choose Composite of
the Image Edit from the Command widget. Alternatively,
press x in the Image window.
First a popup window is displayed requesting you to enter an image name.
Press Composite, Grab or type a file name. Press Cancel
if you choose not to create a composite image. When you choose Grab,
move the pointer to the desired window and press any button.
If the Composite image does not have any matte information, you
are informed and the file browser is displayed again. Enter the name of
a mask image. The image is typically grayscale and the same size as the
composite image. If the image is not grayscale, it is converted to grayscale
and the resulting intensities are used as matte information.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in composite mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
In composite mode, the Command widget has these options:
-
Operators
-
over
-
in
-
out
-
atop
-
xor
-
plus
-
minus
-
add
-
subtract
-
difference
-
bumpmap
-
replace
-
Blend
-
Displace
-
Help
-
Dismiss
Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of the Command
widget. How each operator behaves is described below. image window is the
image currently displayed on your X server and image is the image obtained
|
over
|
|
The result is the union of the two image shapes, with image obscuring
image
window in the region of overlap. |
|
in
|
|
The result is simply image cut by the shape of
image window.
None of the image data of image window is in the result. |
|
out
|
|
The resulting image is image with the shape of
image window
cut out. |
|
atop
|
|
The result is the same shape as image window, with
image
obscuring image window where the image shapes overlap. Note this
differs from over because the portion of image outside
image window's
shape does not appear in the result. |
|
xor
|
|
The result is the image data from both image and
image window
that is outside the overlap region. The overlap region is blank. |
|
plus
|
|
The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are cropped
to 255 (no overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels. |
|
minus
|
|
The result of image - image window, with underflow cropped
to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to 255, full coverage). |
|
add
|
|
The result of image + image window, with overflow wrapping
around (mod 256). |
|
subtract
|
|
The result of image - image window, with underflow wrapping
around (mod 256). The add and subtract operators can be used to perform
reversible transformations. |
|
difference
|
|
The result of abs(image - image window). This is useful for
comparing two very similar images. |
|
bumpmap
|
|
The result of image window shaded by window. |
|
replace
|
|
The resulting image is image window replaced with
image.
Here the matte information is ignored. |
The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the image for
some operations. This extra channel usually defines a mask which represents
a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when matte is
255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and between
zero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not have a matte channel, it
is initialized with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel location
(0,0), otherwise 255. See Matte Editing for a method
of defining a matte channel.
If you choose blend, the composite operator becomes over.
The image matte channel percent transparency is initialized to factor.
The image window is initialized to (100-factor). Where factor is the value
you specify in the Dialog widget.
Displace shifts the image pixels as defined by a displacement map.
With this option, image is used as a displacement map. Black, within
the displacement map, is a maximum positive displacement. White is a maximum
negative displacement and middle gray is neutral. The displacement is scaled
to determine the pixel shift. By default, the displacement applies in both
the horizontal and vertical directions. However, if you specify
mask,
image
is the horizontal X displacement and
mask the vertical Y displacement.
Note that matte information for image window is not retained for colormapped
X server visuals (e.g.
StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor).
Correct compositing behavior may require a TrueColor or
DirectColor
visual or a Standard Colormap.
Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator is replace.
However, you must choose a location to composite your image and press button
1. Press and hold the button before releasing and an outline of the image
will appear to help you identify your location.
The actual colors of the composite image is saved. However, the color that
appears in image window may be different. For example, on a monochrome
screen Image window will appear black or white even though your composited
image may have many colors. If the image is saved to a file it is written
with the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are saved in the
final image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass (see
miff).
To force a PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass,
use -colors.
|
Back to Contents
Color Editing
|
|
Changing the the color of a set of pixels is performed interactively. There
is no command line argument to edit a pixel. To begin, choose Color
from the Image Edit submenu of the Command widget.
Alternatively, press c in the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in color edit mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
In color edit mode, the
Command widget has these options:
-
Method
-
point
-
replace
-
floodfill
-
reset
-
Pixel Color
-
black
-
blue
-
cyan
-
green
-
gray
-
red
-
magenta
-
yellow
-
white
-
Browser...
-
Border Color
-
black
-
blue
-
cyan
-
green
-
gray
-
red
-
magenta
-
yellow
-
white
-
Browser...
-
Fuzz
-
Undo
-
Help
-
Dismiss
Choose a color editing method from the Method sub-menu of
the Command
widget. The point method recolors any pixel selected with the
pointer unless the button is released. The replace method recolors
any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with a button
press. Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the color of the
pixel you select with a button press and is a neighbor.
Whereas filltoborder
changes the matte value of any neighbor pixel that is not the border color.
Finally reset changes the entire image to the designated color.
Next, choose a pixel color from the Pixel Color sub-menu. Additional
pixel colors can be specified with the color browser. You can change the
menu colors by setting the X resources pen1 through
pen9.
Now press button 1 to select a pixel within the Image window to change
its color. Additional pixels may be recolored as prescribed by the method
you choose. additional pixels by increasing the Delta value.
If the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be helpful in positioning
your pointer within the image (refer to button 2). Alternatively you can
select a pixel to recolor from within the Magnify widget. Move the
pointer to the Magnify widget and position the pixel with the cursor
control keys. Finally, press a button to recolor the selected pixel (or
pixels).
The actual color you request for the pixels is saved in the image. However,
the color that appears in your Image window may be different. For example,
on a monochrome screen the pixel will appear black or white even if you
choose the color red as the pixel color. However, the image saved to a
file with -write is written with red pixels. To assure the correct color
text in the final image, any PseudoClass image is promoted
to DirectClass
To force a PseudoClass image to remain
PseudoClass, use -colors.
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Matte Editing
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Matte information within an image is useful for some operations such as
image compositing. This extra channel usually defines
a mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is
the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape,
zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the boundary.
Setting the matte information in an image is done interactively. There
is no command line argument to edit a pixel. To begin, and choose Matte
of the Image Edit sub-menu from the Command widget.
Alternatively, press m in the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in matte edit mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
In matte edit mode, the Command widget has these options:
-
Method
-
point
-
replace
-
floodfill
-
reset
-
Border Color
-
black
-
blue
-
cyan
-
green
-
gray
-
red
-
magenta
-
yellow
-
white
-
Browser...
-
Fuzz
-
Matte
-
Undo
-
Help
-
Dismiss
Choose a matte editing method from the Method sub-menu of the Command
widget. The point method changes the matte value of the any
pixel selected with the pointer until the button is released. The replace
method changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color
of the pixel you select with a button press. Floodfill changes the
matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select
with a button press and is a neighbor. Whereas
filltoborder recolors
any neighbor pixel that is not the border color. Finally reset changes
the entire image to the designated matte value.
Choose Matte Value and a dialog appears requesting a matte value.
Enter a value between 0 and 255. This value is assigned as the matte
value of the selected pixel or pixels.
Now, press any button to select a pixel within the Image window to change
its matte value. You can change the matte value of additional pixels by
increasing the Delta value. The Delta value is first added then subtracted
from the red, green, and blue of the target color. Any pixels within the
range also have their matte value updated.
If the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be helpful in positioning
your pointer within the image (refer to button 2). Alternatively you can
select a pixel to change the matte value from within the
Magnify widget.
Move the pointer to the Magnify widget and position the pixel with
the cursor control keys. Finally, press a button to change the matte value
of the selected pixel (or pixels).
Matte information is only valid in a DirectClass image. Therefore,
any PseudoClass image is promoted to
DirectClass. Note that
matte information for PseudoClass is not retained for colormapped
X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor)
unless you immediately save your image to a file (refer to Write). Correct
matte editing behavior may require a TrueColor or DirectColor
visual or a Standard Colormap.
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Image Drawing
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An image is drawn upon interactively. There is no command line argument
to draw on an image. To begin, choose Draw of the Image Edit
sub-menu from the Command widget.
Alternatively, press d in the image window.
The cursor changes to a crosshair to indicate you are in draw mode. To
exit immediately, press Dismiss. In draw mode, the Command widget has these
options:
-
Primitive
-
point
-
line
-
rectangle
-
fill rectangle
-
circle
-
fill circle
-
ellipse
-
fill ellipse
-
polygon
-
fill polygon
-
Color
-
black
-
blue
-
cyan
-
green
-
gray
-
red
-
magenta
-
yellow
-
white
-
transparent
-
Browser...
-
Stipple
-
Brick
-
Diagonal
-
Scales
-
Vertical
-
Wavy
-
Translucent
-
Opaque
-
Open...
-
Width
-
Undo
-
Help
-
Dismiss
Choose a drawing primitive from the Primitive sub-menu.
Next, choose a color from the Color sub-menu. Additional colors
can be specified with the color browser. You can change the menu colors
by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9. The transparent
color updates the image matte channel and is useful for image compositing.
If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can select the
primitive color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screen
and press any button. The transparent color updates the image matte channel
and is useful for image compositing.
Choose a stipple, if appropriate, from the Stipple sub-menu. Additional
stipples can be specified with the file browser. Stipples obtained from
the file browser must be on disk in the X11 bitmap format.
Choose a line width, if appropriate, from the Width sub-menu. To
choose a specific width select the Dialog widget.
Choose a point in the image window and press button 1 and hold. Next, move
the pointer to another location in the image. As you move, a line connects
the initial location and the pointer. When you release the button, the
image is updated with the primitive you just drew. For polygons, the image
is updated when you press and release the button without moving the pointer.
To cancel image drawing, move the pointer back to the starting point of
the line and release the button.
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Region of Interest
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To begin, press choose Region of Interest of the Pixel Transform sub-menu
from the Command widget.
Alternatively, press R in the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in region of interest mode. In region of interest mode,
the Command widget has these options:
To define a region of interest, press button 1 and drag. The region of
interest is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts
as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the region of interest,
release the button. You are now in apply mode. In apply mode the Command
widget has these options:
-
File
-
Edit
-
Transform
-
Flip
-
Flop
-
Rotate Right
-
Rotate Left
-
Enhance
-
Hue...
-
Saturation...
-
Brightness...
-
Gamma...
-
Spiff
-
Dull
-
Equalize
-
Normalize
-
Negate
-
GRAYscale
-
Quantize...
-
Effects
-
Despeckle
-
Emboss
-
Reduce Noise
-
Add Noise
-
Sharpen...
-
Blur...
-
Threshold...
-
Edge Detect...
-
Spread...
-
Shade...
-
Raise...
-
Segment...
-
F/X
-
Solarize...
-
Swirl...
-
Implode...
-
Wave...
-
Oil Paint
-
Charcoal Draw...
-
Miscellany
-
Image Info
-
Zoom Image
-
Show Preview...
-
Show Histogram
-
Show Matte
-
Help
-
Dismiss
You can make adjustments to the region of interest by moving the pointer
to one of the rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally,
choose an image processing technique from the Command widget. You can choose
more than one image processing technique to apply to an area. Alternatively,
you can move the region of interest before applying another image processing
technique. To exit, press Dismiss.
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Image Panning
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When an image exceeds the width or height of the X server screen, display
maps a small panning icon. The rectangle within the panning icon shows
the area that is currently displayed in the the image window. To pan about
the image, press any button and drag the pointer within the panning icon.
The pan rectangle moves with the pointer and the image window is updated
to reflect the location of the rectangle within the panning icon. When
you have selected the area of the image you wish to view, release the button.
Use the arrow keys to pan the image one pixel up, down, left, or right
within the image window.
The panning icon is withdrawn if the image becomes smaller than the dimensions
of the X server screen.
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User Preferences
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Preferences affect the default behavior of display(1). The preferences
are either true or false and are stored in your home directory
as .displayrc:
-
display image centered on a backdrop
-
This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful for hiding
other X window activity while viewing the image. The color of the backdrop
is specified as the background color. Refer to X Resources
for details.
-
confirm on program exit
-
Ask for a confirmation before exiting the display(1) program.
-
correct image for display gamma
-
If the image has a known gamma, the gamma is corrected to match that of
the X server (see the X Resource displayGamma).
-
display warning messages
-
Display any warning messages.
-
apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to image
-
The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatial
resolution by averaging the intensities of several neighboring pixels.
Images which suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can be
improved with this preference.
-
use a shared colormap for colormapped X visuals
-
This option only applies when the default X server visual is
PseudoColor
or GRAYScale. Refer to -visual for more details. By default,
a shared colormap is allocated. The image shares colors with other X clients.
Some image colors could be approximated, therefore your image may look
very different than intended. Otherwise the image colors appear exactly
as they are defined. However, other clients may go technicolor when the
image colormap is installed.
-
display images as an X server pixmap
-
Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this resource to True
to utilize a server Pixmap instead. This option is useful if your image
exceeds the dimensions of your server screen and you intend to pan the
image. Panning is much faster with Pixmaps than with a XImage. Pixmaps
are considered a precious resource, use them with discretion.
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gm identify
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Identify describes the format and characteristics of one or more
image files. It will also report if an image is incomplete or corrupt.
The information displayed includes the scene number, the file name, the
width and height of the image, whether the image is colormapped or not,
the number of colors in the image, the number of bytes in the image, the
format of the image (JPEG, PNM, etc.), and finally the number of seconds
it took to read and process the image. An example line output
from identify follows:
images/aquarium.miff 640x480 PseudoClass 256c
308135b MIFF 1s
If -verbose is set, expect additional output including any image
comment:
Image: images/aquarium.miff
class: PseudoClass
colors: 256
signature: eb5dca81dd93ae7e6ffae99a527eb5dca8...
matte: False
geometry: 640x480
depth: 8
bytes: 308135
format: MIFF
comments:
Imported from MTV raster image: aquarium.mtv
For some formats, additional format-specific information about the file
will be written if the -debug coder or -debug all option
is used.
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Identify options
|
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Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
the command line remains in effect for the set of images immediately
following, until the set is terminated by the appearance of any option
or -noop.
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
| decrypt image with this password |
| (This option has been replaced by the -limit option) |
|
-debug <events>
|
| add coder/decoder specific options |
| horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image |
| output formatted image characteristics |
|
-help
|
| the type of interlacing scheme |
| Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit |
| Specify format for debug log |
|
-ping
|
| efficiently determine image characteristics |
| sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder. |
|
-size <width>x<height>{+offset}
|
| width and height of the image |
| print detailed information about the image |
| print GraphicsMagick version string |
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
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gm import
|
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Import reads an image from any visible window on an X server and
outputs it as an image file. You can capture a single window, the entire
screen, or any rectangular portion of the screen.
Use display
for redisplay, printing, editing, formatting, archiving, image processing,
etc. of the captured image.
The target window can be specified by id, name, or may be selected
by clicking the mouse in the desired window. If you press a button and
then drag, a rectangle will form which expands and contracts as the mouse
moves. To save the portion of the screen defined by the rectangle, just
release the button. The keyboard bell is rung once at the beginning of
the screen capture and twice when it completes.
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Examples
|
|
To select an X window or an area of the screen with the mouse and save it
in the MIFF image format to a file entitled window.miff, use:
gm import window.miff
To select an X window or an area of the screen with the mouse and save it
in the Encapsulated PostScript format to include in another document, use:
gm import figure.eps
To capture the entire X server screen in the JPEG image format in a file
entitled root.jpeg, without using the mouse, use:
gm import -window root root.jpeg
To capture the 512x256 area at the upper right corner of the X server
screen in the PNG image format in a well-compressed file entitled corner.png,
without using the mouse, use:
gm import -window root -crop 512x256-0+0 -quality 90
corner.png
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Options
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gm mogrify
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Mogrify transforms an image or a sequence of images. These transforms
include image scaling, image rotation, color reduction, and others. Each
transmogrified image overwrites the corresponding original image, unless an
option such as
-format causes the output filename to be different from the input
filename.
The graphics formats supported by mogrify are listed in
GraphicsMagick(1).
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Examples
|
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To convert all the TIFF files in a particular directory to JPEG, use:
gm mogrify -format jpeg *.tiff
To convert a directory full of JPEG images to thumbnails, use:
gm mogrify -size 120x120 *.jpg -resize 120x120 +profile "*"
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In this example, '-size 120x120' gives a hint to the JPEG decoder
that the images are going to be downscaled to 120x120, allowing it to run
faster by avoiding returning full-resolution images to GraphicsMagick for
the subsequent resizing operation. The
'-resize 120x120' specifies the desired dimensions of the
output images. It will be scaled so its largest dimension is 120 pixels. The
'+profile "*"' removes any ICM, EXIF, IPTC, or other profiles
that might be present in the input and aren't needed in the thumbnails. |
To scale an image of a cockatoo to exactly 640 pixels in width and 480
pixels in height, use:
gm mogrify -resize 640x480! cockatoo.miff
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Options
|
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Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
the command line remains in effect for the set of images that follows,
until the set is terminated by the appearance of any option or -noop.
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
| decrypt image with this password |
| blue chromaticity primary point |
| blur the image with a Gaussian operator |
| surround the image with a border of color |
| (This option has been replaced by the -limit option) |
|
-charcoal <factor>
|
| simulate a charcoal drawing |
| colorize the image with the pen color |
| preferred number of colors in the image |
| annotate an image with a comment |
| the type of image composition |
| the type of image compression |
| enhance or reduce the image contrast |
| convolve image with the specified convolution kernel |
|
-crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
|
| preferred size and location of the cropped image |
| displace image colormap by amount |
|
-debug <events>
|
| add coder/decoder specific options |
| display the next image after pausing |
| horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image |
|
-despeckle
|
| reduce the speckles within an image |
| specifies the X server to contact |
| apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image |
| annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives |
|
-edge <radius>
|
| detect edges within an image |
|
-emboss <radius>
|
| specify the text encoding |
| specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image |
|
-enhance
|
| apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image |
|
-equalize
|
| perform histogram equalization to the image |
| color to use when filling a graphic primitive |
| use this type of filter when resizing an image |
| use this font when annotating the image with text |
|
-frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
|
| surround the image with an ornamental border |
| colors within this distance are considered equal |
| level of gamma correction |
| blur the image with a Gaussian operator |
|
-geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
|
| preferred size and location of the Image window. |
| direction primitive gravitates to when annotating the image. |
| green chromaticity primary point |
|
-help
|
|
-implode <factor>
|
| implode image pixels about the center |
| the type of interlacing scheme |
| assign a label to an image |
|
-lat <width>x<height>{+-}<offset>{%}
|
| perform local adaptive thresholding |
|
-level <black_point>{,<gamma>}{,<white_point>}{%}
|
| adjust the level of image contrast |
| Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit |
|
-linewidth
|
| the line width for subsequent draw operations |
| Specify format for debug log |
| add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation |
| choose a particular set of colors from this image |
| store matte channel if the image has one |
| specify the color to be used with the -frame option |
|
-median <radius>
|
| apply a median filter to the image |
| vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image |
|
-monochrome
|
| transform the image to black and white |
| replace every pixel with its complementary color |
| add or reduce noise in an image |
| transform image to span the full range of color values |
| change this color to the pen color within the image |
| apply a mathematical or bitwise operator to an image channel |
|
-page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
|
| size and location of an image canvas |
| (This option has been replaced by the -fill option) |
|
-pointsize <value>
|
| pointsize of the PostScript, OPTION1, or TrueType font |
| add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile to image |
| JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level |
| lighten or darken image edges |
| random threshold the image |
| red chromaticity primary point |
|
-region <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
|
| apply options to a portion of the image |
| Resample image to specified horizontal and vertical resolution |
|
-resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
|
| roll an image vertically or horizontally |
| apply Paeth image rotation to the image |
| scale image using pixel sampling |
| sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder. |
|
-segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
|
| shade the image using a distant light source |
| shave pixels from the image edges |
|
-shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
|
| shear the image along the X or Y axis |
|
-size <width>x<height>{+offset}
|
| width and height of the image |
| negate all pixels above the threshold level |
| displace image pixels by a random amount |
| color to use when stroking a graphic primitive |
| swirl image pixels about the center |
|
-texture <filename>
|
| name of texture to tile onto the image background |
|
-tile <filename>
|
| tile image when filling a graphic primitive |
| make this color transparent within the image |
| tree depth for the color reduction algorithm |
| the units of image resolution |
|
-unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{+<threshold>}
|
| sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator |
| print detailed information about the image |
| print GraphicsMagick version string |
|
-view <string>
|
| FlashPix viewing parameters |
| specify contents of "virtual pixels" |
|
-wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>
|
| alter an image along a sine wave |
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
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gm montage
|
|
montage creates a composite image by combining several separate
images. The images are tiled on the composite image with the name of the
image optionally appearing just below the individual tile.
The composite image is constructed in the following manner. First, each
image specified on the command line, except for the last, is scaled to
fit the maximum tile size. The maximum tile size by default is 120x120.
It can be modified with the -geometry command line argument or X
resource. See
Options
for more information on command line arguments. See
X(1) for more information on X resources.
Note that the maximum tile size need not be a square.
Next the composite image is initialized with the color specified by the
-background
command line argument or X resource. The width and height of the composite
image is determined by the title specified, the maximum tile size, the
number of tiles per row, the tile border width and height, the image border
width, and the label height. The number of tiles per row specifies how
many images are to appear in each row of the composite image. The default
is to have 5 tiles in each row and 4 tiles in each column of the composite.
A specific value is specified with -tile. The tile border width
and height, and the image border width defaults to the value of the X resource
-borderwidth. It can be changed with the -borderwidth or
-geometry command line argument or X resource. The label height
is determined by the font you specify with the -font command line
argument or X resource. If you do not specify a font, a font is chosen
that allows the name of the image to fit the maximum width of a tiled area.
The label colors is determined by the -background and -fill
command line argument or X resource. Note, that if the background and pen
colors are the same, labels will not appear.
Initially, the composite image title is placed at the top if one is specified
(refer to -fill). Next, each image is set onto the composite image,
surrounded by its border color, with its name centered just below it. The
individual images are left-justified within the width of the tiled area.
The order of the images is the same as they appear on the command line
unless the images have a scene keyword. If a scene number is specified
in each image, then the images are tiled onto the composite in the order
of their scene number. Finally, the last argument on the command line is
the name assigned to the composite image. By default, the image is written
in the MIFF format and can be viewed or printed with
display(1).
Note, that if the number of tiles exceeds the default number of 20 (5 per
row, 4 per column), more than one composite image is created. To ensure
a single image is produced, use -tile to increase the number of
tiles to meet or exceed the number of input images.
Finally, to create one or more empty spaces in the sequence of tiles, use
the "NULL:" image format.
Note, a composite MIFF image displayed to an X server with
display
behaves differently than other images. You can think of the composite as
a visual image directory. Choose a particular tile of the composite and
press a button to display it. See display(1) and miff(5)
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Examples
|
|
To create a montage of a cockatoo, a parrot, and a hummingbird and write
it to a file called birds, use:
gm montage cockatoo.miff parrot.miff hummingbird.miff
birds.miff
To tile several bird images so that they are at most 256 pixels in width
and 192 pixels in height, surrounded by a red border, and separated by
10 pixels of background color, use:
gm montage -geometry 256x192+10+10 -bordercolor red
birds.* montage.miff
To create an unlabeled parrot image, 640 by 480 pixels, and surrounded
by a border of black, use:
gm montage -geometry 640x480 -bordercolor black
-label "" parrot.miff bird.miff
To create an image of an eagle with a textured background, use:
gm montage -texture bumps.jpg eagle.jpg eagle.png
To join several GIF images together without any extraneous graphics (e.g.
no label, no shadowing, no surrounding tile frame), use:
gm montage +frame +shadow +label -tile 5x1
-geometry 50x50+0+0 *.png joined.png
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Options
|
|
Any option you specify on the command line remains in effect for the group
of images following it, until the group is terminated by the appearance of
any option or -noop. For example, to make a montage of three images,
the first with 32 colors, the second with an unlimited number of colors, and
the third with only 16 colors, use:
gm montage -colors 32 cockatoo.1 -noop cockatoo.2
-colors 16 cockatoo.3 cockatoos.miff
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
| join images into a single multi-image file |
| decrypt image with this password |
| blue chromaticity primary point |
| blur the image with a Gaussian operator |
|
-borderwidth <geometry>
|
| (This option has been replaced by the -limit option) |
|
-chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
|
| remove pixels from the interior of an image |
| preferred number of colors in the image |
| annotate an image with a comment |
| the type of image composition |
| the type of image compression |
|
-crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
|
| preferred size and location of the cropped image |
|
-debug <events>
|
| add coder/decoder specific options |
| horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image |
| specifies the X server to contact |
| apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image |
| annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives |
| specify the text encoding |
| specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image |
| color to use when filling a graphic primitive |
| use this type of filter when resizing an image |
| use this font when annotating the image with text |
|
-frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
|
| surround the image with an ornamental border |
| level of gamma correction |
|
-geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
|
| preferred size and location of the Image window. |
| direction primitive gravitates to when annotating the image. |
| green chromaticity primary point |
|
-help
|
| the type of interlacing scheme |
| assign a label to an image |
| Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit |
| Specify format for debug log |
| store matte channel if the image has one |
| specify the color to be used with the -frame option |
|
-mode <value>
|
|
-monochrome
|
| transform the image to black and white |
|
-page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
|
| size and location of an image canvas |
| (This option has been replaced by the -fill option) |
|
-pointsize <value>
|
| pointsize of the PostScript, OPTION1, or TrueType font |
| JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level |
| red chromaticity primary point |
|
-resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
|
| apply Paeth image rotation to the image |
| sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder. |
| range of image scene numbers to read |
|
-shadow <radius>{x<sigma>}
|
|
-size <width>x<height>{+offset}
|
| width and height of the image |
| color to use when stroking a graphic primitive |
|
-texture <filename>
|
| name of texture to tile onto the image background |
|
-tile <geometry>
|
| layout of images [montage] |
| assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage] |
| make this color transparent within the image |
| tree depth for the color reduction algorithm |
| print detailed information about the image |
| print GraphicsMagick version string |
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
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Back to Contents
X Resources
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|
Montage options can appear on the command line or in your X resource
file. Options on the command line supersede values specified in your X
resource file. See X(1) for more information on X resources.
All montage options have a corresponding X resource. In addition,
montage
uses the following X resources:
|
background (class Background)
|
Specifies the preferred color to use for the composite image background.
The default is #ccc.
|
borderColor (class BorderColor)
|
Specifies the preferred color to use for the composite image border. The
default is #ccc.
|
borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
|
Specifies the width in pixels of the composite image border. The default
is 2.
|
font (class Font)
|
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use when displaying text within
the composite image. The default is 9x15, fixed, or 5x8 determined by the
composite image size.
|
matteColor (class MatteColor)
|
Specify the color of an image frame. A 3D effect is achieved by using highlight
and shadow colors derived from this color. The default value is #697B8F.
|
pen (class Pen)
|
Specifies the preferred color to use for text within the composite image.
The default is black.
|
title (class Title)
|
This resource specifies the title to be placed at the top of the composite
image. The default is not to place a title at the top of the composite
image.
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Back to Contents
Environment
|
|
|
COLUMNS
|
| Output screen width. Used when formatting text for the screen. Many
Unix systems keep this shell variable up to date, but it may need to be
explicitly exported in order for GraphicsMagick to see it. |
|
DISPLAY
|
| X11 display ID (host, display number, and screen in the form
hostname:display.screen). |
|
HOME
|
| Location of user's home directory. GraphicsMagick searches for
configuration files in $HOME/.magick if the directory exists. See
MAGICK_CODER_MODULE_PATH, MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH, and
MAGICK_FILTER_MODULE_PATH if more flexibility is needed. |
|
MAGICK_CODER_MODULE_PATH
|
| Search path to use when searching for image format coder modules.
This path allows the user to arbitrarily extend the image formats
supported by GraphicsMagick by adding loadable modules to an arbitrary
location rather than copying them into the GraphicsMagick installation
directory. The formatting of the search path is similar to operating
system search paths (i.e. colon delimited for Unix, and semi-colon
delimited for Microsoft Windows). This user specified search path is used
before trying the default search path. |
|
MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH
|
| Search path to use when searching for configuration (.mgk) files.
The formatting of the search path is similar to operating system search
paths (i.e. colon delimited for Unix, and semi-colon delimited for
Microsoft Windows). This user specified search path is used before trying
the default search path. |
|
MAGICK_DEBUG
|
| Debug options (see -debug for details) |
|
MAGICK_FILTER_MODULE_PATH
|
| Search path to use when searching for filter process modules
(invoked via -process). This path allows the user to arbitrarily
extend GraphicsMagick's image processing functionality by adding loadable
modules to an arbitrary location rather than copying them into the
GraphicsMagick installation directory. The formatting of the search path
is similar to operating system search paths (i.e. colon delimited for
Unix, and semi-colon delimited for Microsoft Windows). This user
specified search path is used before trying the default search path. |
|
MAGICK_HOME
|
| Path to top of GraphicsMagick installation directory. Only observed
by "uninstalled" builds of GraphicsMagick which do not have their location
hard-coded or set by an installer. |
|
MAGICK_LIMIT_DISK
|
| Maximum amount of disk space allowed for use by the pixel cache. |
|
MAGICK_LIMIT_FILES
|
| Maximum number of open files. |
|
MAGICK_LIMIT_MAP
|
| Maximum size of a memory map. |
|
MAGICK_LIMIT_MEMORY
|
| Maximum amount of memory to allocate from the heap. |
|
MAGICK_TMPDIR
|
| Path to directory where GraphicsMagick should write temporary
files. The default is to use the system default, or the location set by
TMPDIR. |
|
TMPDIR
|
| For POSIX-compatible systems (Unix-compatible), the path to the
directory where all applications should write temporary files.
Overridden by MAGICK_TMPDIR if it is set. |
|
TMP or TEMP
|
| For Microsoft Windows, the path to the directory where applications
should write temporary files. Overridden by MAGICK_TMPDIR if it
is set. |
|
Back to Contents
Configuration Files
|
Back to Contents
Acknowledgements
|
|
The MIT X Consortium for making network transparent graphics a reality.
Michael Halle, Spatial Imaging Group at MIT, for the initial
implementation of Alan Paeth's image rotation algorithm.
David Pensak, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, for
providing a computing environment that made this program possible.
Peder Langlo, Hewlett Packard, Norway, made hundreds of suggestions
and bug reports. Without Peder, this software would not be nearly
as useful as it is today.
Rod Bogart and John W. Peterson, University of Utah.
Image compositing is loosely based on rlecomp of the Utah Raster Toolkit.
Paul Heckbert, Carnegie Mellon University. Image resizing is
based on his Zoom program.
Paul Raveling, USC Information Sciences Institute. The
spatial subdivision color reduction algorithm is based on his Img software.
|
Copyright
|
|
Copyright (C) 2002, 2003 GraphicsMagick Group, an organization
dedicated to making software imaging solutions freely available.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
copy of this software and associated documentation files
("GraphicsMagick"), to deal in GraphicsMagick without restriction,
including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of GraphicsMagick,
and to permit persons to whom GraphicsMagick is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
in all copies or substantial portions of GraphicsMagick.
The software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind,
express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of
merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement.
In no event shall GraphicsMagick Group be liable for any claim, damages
or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise,
arising from, out of or in connection with GraphicsMagick or the use or
other dealings in GraphicsMagick.
Except as contained in this notice, the name of the GraphicsMagick
Group shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale,
use or other dealings in GraphicsMagick without prior written
authorization from the GraphicsMagick Group.
Additional copyrights and licenses apply to this software. You should
have received a copy of Copyright.txt with this package, which describes
additional copyrights and licenses which apply to this software;
otherwise see http://www.graphicsmagick.org/www/Copyright.html.
|
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Copyright © GraphicsMagick Group 2002, 2003 |
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